Personal life Essay Example for Free

Personal life EssayQuoteI chose the quote You also have to absent age to think about why it is the right thing this quote with the context of the text is certainly true. Just because all the people including your parents act in certain ways for specific situations, it doesnt mean that its the right thing to do.And if you act interchangeable you have always seen just to follow everybody else, in my opinion is worst, because you dont even know if that actions are the right thing to do, you are just doing what everybody does and for me that is worst than thinking about the situation, taking your experience decision, and then if you made it wrong, that helps you learning about good and bad decisions by your own, then you can judge another people decisions, because you have already psychoanalyse different situations by your own. Personal CaseIn the part of the text that shows some examples of ethical dilemmas, the one that says should I extend the life of my beloved pet, or shoul d I put an end to its increasing suffering by having it put to sleep?This reminds me of a pet my dad loved, its name was Toby, it was a little crucify Terrier my dad bought like 10 years ago, it was a very healthy dog, but then when he started getting older, a ball started growing in his throat, so he started having eating and breathing problems, we took him to the vet, and he told us that he had a type of cancer, so he recommended us to put it to sleep, but my laminitis refused.Toby started being skinner, and one day we found him dead in the garden. Maybe I would preferred having it put to sleep, that make him and my dad suffer, because every time my dad saw Toby, he was very sad because of its condition.Main PointsThis article wants us to understand what ethics is, the main point of it is realize that ethics is point everyday in every activity we do during the day. Also its purpose is to show us some ethic dilemmas to identify whether we have been part of something similar. At the end this article whats us to realize that we have to take control of our lives, and our ethic decisions, because doing the things just because always he have done it like this, it doesnt mean it is the right thing to do.

On Translation of English Proverbs Essay Example for Free

On Translation of English Proverbs EssayAbstractProverbs, which derive from life are the condensation and embodiment of the language and subtlety of a nation. Proverb is a form of literature,its terseness and depth is the result of sand washing from rough sea and discarding the dross and selecting the essential in the course of language culture development. The proverb has the bright characteristic of a nation. Because of the differences of religious beliefs, habits and customs, fables and myth and culture and art, English proverbs and Chinese proverbs carry on the different national cultural characteristics and information. In translation,these cultural elements are the main difficulties and they formthe influencing factor of the translation of English proverbs.This essay uses some typical examples to state four factors through analyzing, comparing and net from the point of geographical environment, customs, religious beliefs and historical culture. In order to present an adeq uate translation of a proverb, we can use four translation manners flexibly literal translation, free translation, substitution translation and literal translation combined with free translation.Key words English proverb influencing factor translation method ,

Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention

Hybrid Model of Crisis InterventionFrances RouletAnalysis case study Vignette.In the process applying the six step flummox of crisis intervention in this case, the soldier deployed venture home without no type of psychological and social realise from the military system or his family. Therefore, there was no prior assessment before sending the soldier back home, and no assessment in understanding the problem itself (James Gilliland, 2013).The process of deployment when reintegrating a soldier back home becomes a major issue in mental wellness. According to Doyle Peterson (2005) soldiers that save been life threatening warzone when they are allowed to pitch home, and they are happy to return and see their families and friend, present problems difficulties in adjusting back to their community environment. This veteran soldier which arrived to his homet testify, and who was never received by his family members because the military department in charge failed to reveal his family and wife. Once he arrived to his hometown and faced the feeling of confusion and loneliness by not having family or military support. Even though, researchers such as, Demers (2011) acknowledge the struggles that these soldiers confront and expand symptoms of depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and even off suicidal thoughts when they are returning back home.Demer (2011) indicated that for a number of soldiers, the reintegration process becomes a challenge which might include a crisis of identicalness and feelings of alienation.Although, one of the first elements in contacting the soulfulness is the clients name and introducing themselves in a non-threatening manner. The soldier caught by surprise every single person at his children school. Subsequently, the immediate response was to search safety and manage to call the Police Department as well as, the mother of the children to provide enough tuition in order to first secure the children and, then attempting to make any type of contact with the soldier and making him think he had control everyplace the situation.Even if this was a momentary situation of the crisis. Once the safety of the children was ensured, as well as, the rest of the people there is a study to continue assessing the hypothesis of physical and psychological danger to the soldier as well as to others. Wherefore, the assessment and ensuring of safety becomes a continuous part of the process of the crisis intervention (James Gilliland, 2013). opus maintaining an open communication with the soldier in the process of crisis, support may be given allowing the soldier to ventilate his emotions, but also can be an instrumental and informational for the first responders (James Gilliland, 2013).Hoge, Lesikar, Guevara, Lange, Brundage, Engel, Orman, Messer (2002) explained that they consider that the risks factors of mental health problems, such as major depression, substance abuse, PSTD amon g others, may be presented after military conflicts, deployment stressors and exposing soldiers to combat, and, may put up an impairment in social functioning along with the ability to work therefore, increase the use of health care services. Demer (2011) also indicated that these additional stressors can have a negative effect when military deployment occur when soldiers returns home and are not follow-up properly. For most of these soldiers, additional stressors, become a major difficulties and even distressing experience instead of a welcomed relief.One of the consequences of this distressing experience is the intense identity crisis, when military discharge occurs (Demer, 2011). In analyzing this case, the soldier could have presented psychological challenges when he was deployed to warzone, and as an immigrant in a different culture (home and host culture), he could have presented an acculturative stress. This generated a negative impact and reaction in the soldier which lead him to an identity crisis and mental health problem (Berry, Kim, Minde Mok, 1987).Maslows theory of hierarchy of needs explains different levels of needs that humans portrays. In a crisis intervention one of the first things to assure is the physiological needs, such as water, food, among other. The person will only be focusing on his or her survival. Nevertheless, surety also becomes one of the most vital element when we are facing a crisis intervention. In this particular case, the soldier maintained his children and wife lifes threatened and also had the school personnel and coworkers of his wife. In fact, he killed several people in the process of his crisis. The soldier neglected taking care of his own security needs, referring to those things that the individual feels safe of harm. For example, belonging to the community as a member, therefore, protection is given just because the person belongs to this community group. Another vital need within this hierarchy, is the social needs as a human beings. This need encompasses companionship, love and affection. Once again, the soldier of this case, upon his arrival to his hometown confronted by the absentee of his wife and children and lack of support from the military system could not managed the transition of his deployment back home. This circumstances, detonated a crisis which lead to a fatal outcome for everyone. According to Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith (2010) when a person is open(a) to combat, and have constant threats of death or witness to it, serious injury or witness to it become significant risk factors for screening positive for postdeployment PTSD among soldiers as well as, violence exposures prior entering the infantry.Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman (2004) explained that soldiers and marines presented new onset PTSD after returning from combat several months later. These investigators explained that in their study a 7.6% was revealed with probable new onset PTSD. In the soldier case, he definitely was presenting new onset symptoms for PTSD because he felt confused, abandoned without support and no communication. There is a probability that he might have been impacted and presented symptoms of PTSD before being deployed to Vietnam, and returned traumatized with his experience in Vietnam.ReferencesBerry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. planetary Migration Review, (21) 491511.Demer, A. (2011). When veterans return The role of community in reintegration. Journal of Loss and Trauma, (16) 160-179.Doyle, M. E., Peterson, K. A. (2005). Re-entry and reintegration Returning home after combat. Psychiatric Quarterly, 76(4) 361-370.Hoge, C., W., Lesikar, S., E., Guevara, R., Lange, J., Brundage, J., F., Engel, C., C., Orman, D., T. Messer, S., C. (2002). Mental Disorders among US military personnel in the 1990s Association with high levels of Health care utilization and early military attrition. Ameri can Journal Psychiatry, 159 1576-1583.Hoge, C., W., Castro, C., A., Messer, S., C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I. Koffman, R., L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1) 13-22.James, R. Gilliland, B. (2013). Crisis Intervention Strategies. (7th Edition). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.Phillips, C. J., LeardMann, C. A., Gumbs, G. R., Smith, B. (2010). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among deployed US male marines. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1) 52.

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law Essay

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law EssayThe basal tenet of criminal command is that crime is not genetic, that is, one is not born a criminal. As no iron curtain is drawn surrounded by constitution and the acc utilize, an beneath trial or a convict, his basic human rights arousenot be put to jeopardy for an charge or a convict by the mere reason of accusation or conviction, is not denuded from his fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution1.The distinction between gender and sex is often handle by those who claim to be the sentinels of gender justice. While once in a while one hears voices against the injustice towards women, our justice system often turns a blind eye to the brutality with which all criminals atomic number 18 tough. It is true that the purpose of a punishment is deterrent and punitive in nature and the offender deserves a hard handed treatment as a retribution for his sourion, this cannot vindicate the acts which border brutality. P olice, which is the first instrument in the process of ensuring criminal justice, often fails to justify its actions of dishonoring gender high-handedness of recognise genders when they interact with them in the society and particularly when they investigate crimes in which they be the suspects, dtinues or the accused.2Men, women, trans inners, all fall in the grind of this insensitivity perpetrated in the hands of those in charge of safeguarding the fundamental rights of convicts and other participants( victim, witness etc) in a criminal trial.The fact however stiff that while substantive law fails to acknowledge the thin line of distinction between gender and sex and transsexuals and manlike criminals continue to be treated inconsiderately, our procedural laws, fur in that locationd by judicial activism do provide some sense of sensitivity towards women. Spurred by judicial pronouncements, Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter CrPC or the Act) has been amended clip to t ime to introduce elements of sensitivity towards women. This paper is an attempt to trace the gender-sensitive trainings of CrPC, supported by judicial pronouncements, restricting the scope of gender to women. The discussion runs in three parts part I dealing with nourishment when women are offenders, part II when they are victims of criminal offenses and part III when they are witnesses in a criminal trial. The last part will be followed by a conclusion with an analysis whether these laws provide adequate protection to women and whether the available turn are being implemented in reality or are merely a letter of law. The CrPC amendments of 2005 and 2008 have been taken as the backdrop of the discussions in this paper. As it is not feasible to cover all sections reflecting sensitivity towards women in the prescribed word-limit, the author has narrowed down the scope of discussion to the most fundamental provisions under each part. Part II and subsequently III discuss in detail the special provisions for women in offend types and other atrocities of women-trafficking, domestic violence and dowry finishs and sexual harassment at work have been excluded from the discussion.Part IAccusedArrestThe Indian criminal jurisprudence has been sensitive to the fact that women, being physically weaker, are often mistreated by natural law while begin and consequently, provisions pr eventideting any physical or sexual assault while arresting them find place in CrPC. naval division 46 of the code enlists the details of how arrests have to be made by the police3. Parliament, through the 2005 Amendment Act to CrPC introduced in section 46, sub clause 4 to ensure that women offenders are not mistreated while being arrested by the police officers. It readSave in exceptional passel, no char muliebrity shall be arrested after sunset and before sunrise and where such exceptional circumstances exist, the woman police officer shall, by fashioning a written report, obtain the prior permission of the Judicial Magistrate of the first class within whose local anesthetic jurisdiction the offense is committed or the arrest is to be made. The history of this provision can be traced back to the report submitted by the National adult male Rights Commission in 1997. The report examined the complaints of human rights violation through abuse of powers of arrest and detention given to the police. According to this report, the NHRC requested that all Indian landed estate governments translate these guidelines into their respective regional language and make them available to all Police Officers and in all Police Stations.4 The report includes the following guideline pertaining to the arrest of women, As far as is practicable women police officers should be associated where the person or persons being arrested are women. The arrest of women between sunset and sunrise should be avoided5. The incorporation of this provision in CRPC was spurred by the quality law produced by the Courts in response to the demand for protecting women. In Christian Community tumefy-being Council of India and another v Government of Maharashtra another6,the High Court of Bombay made it mandatory for the presence of a woman officer for arresting a woman. The dictatorial Court however reversed the judgment7, accounting for the situations when arresting a woman is crucial but logistical impediments make the presence of a woman officer difficult. The 2005 amendment act was a closer embodiment of the domineering Court decision as it gave the police some leeway to arrest egg-producing(prenominal)s even in absence of lady officers.2008 Amendment to CrPC saw win sensitizing of arrest procedures with regards to women when a proviso to clause 1 of section 46 was added to ensure that the clause 1 is not misused to offend women who are arrested. As interpreted by Courts, un-amended section 46(1) implied that arrest being a securet of the liberty of a person, it can be effected by actually contacting or touching the body of such person or by his submission to the custody of the person do the arrest as a mere oral declaration to arrest without actual contact or submission does not amount to arrest.8The proviso states that Provided that where a woman is to be arrested, unless the circumstances indicate to the contrary, her submission to custody on an oral intimation of arrest shall be presumed and, unless the circumstances otherwise require or unless the police officer is a female, the police officer shall not touch the person of the woman for making her arrest. The proviso permits the physical arrest of a woman by a female officer or unless the circumstances make it an indispensible necessity for the police office to make use of physical force to restrain and arrest her. Even then, the use of force should be reasonable and not more than required to prevent the offenders escape.9searchSection 4710places restrictions on police while searching for the offender in a place occupied by a pardanasheen woman, in which case she will be adequately notified by the police before search giving her time to remove herself from the sight before the police commences with the search.Clause 311of section 51 as well as clause 312of section 100 makes it mandatory that the search of a female is conducted lonesome(prenominal) by a lady to ensure that her self-regard is not violated in any form.13Section 53(2)14and 5415, that allows for the medical examination of the accused make it mandatory for the police to ensure that female arrestees are examined only by registered female doctor or under her close supervision.bailCrPC empowers e truly arrestee with the right to be ejectd on bail when arrested for a bailable offence. It is the duty of the police officer to inform him of his right to be released on bail16. Women however are given the privilege of a bail even in circumstances When a female is arrested for a non-bailable offence, even if the offence is very serious (punishable by death penalty even), the flirt can release her on bail as provided in section 437(1) of CrPC17. For instance where a young woman of two infant children was accused of murder along with her conserve and her husband was incarcerated for the crime as an under trial, the accused in such facts and circumstances of case would be entitled to be released on bail as per the provisions of this section18. This provision is not to be taken violative of name 14 of the Constitution as it discriminated between male and female offenders because article 14 had to be read subject to article 15(3) of the Constitution under which the State Is empowered to make special provisions for women and children.DetentionEven though CrPC is silent on the issue of separate provisions for detention of women offenders, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse case19held that female suspects moldiness be kept in a separate lock-up in the police station. They should not be kept where mal e suspects are detained. Various states have, by orders made it mandatory that all female prisoners have to be imprisoned in a separate building or in separate part of the same building which is completely separate from the male prisoners.20In R.D. Upadhyay vs. State of AP.21, gender specific issues of women have been dealt with by the Supreme Court in detail and minimum standards laid for the care of the niggle and the child. In pursuance of this, women inmates are allowed to keep their children up to six years of age. Pregnant women in prisons have to be given proper pre-natal and post-natal care22.Section 41623provides the provision of postponement of capital sentence awarded to a women if she is carrying a child. The High Court is also empowered by this section to commute the sentence of death penalty to that of life imprisonment. The purpose behind this provision is to ensure that the unborn child is not penalized for the crimes committed by the mother.Part IIVictimcompound la w treated women as chattels fragments of property of their male messiahs. It took two centuries to liberate the country, and another half to liberate the thoughts. In 1970, India witnessed a rape trial that mocked the very fundamentals of our constitution equality and justice were stifled as Supreme Court refused to penalize a police personal charged of raping a tribal minor girlfriend, in police custody, on grounds of the girls questionable sexual conduct in past. This was the infamous Mathura rape trial24.Efforts of women activists and judicial intervening ultimately paid off and the last decade saw attempts to ensure there werent any Mathuras with the promulgation of the 1983 amendment. In 1983, the government passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, which created a refuter presumption in cases related to custodial rape25. Custodial rape, gang rape, rape of pregnant women and minor women were recognized as rape offenses by universe of sections 376A to 376D in the IPC. The gover nment also made amendments stipulating that the penalty for custodial rape should not be less than seven years imprisonment and it provided for in tv camera proceedings26and made the disclosure of the victims identity a punishable offence.27Publication of proceedings in a rape trial could be possible only with prior permission of the Court. This clause however was amended by the 2008 amendment to facilitate the dissemination of information regarding the atrocities on women and their rights through media. Therefore, the 2008 amendment allows the publication of proceedings in a rape trial provided confidentiality of name and address of the parties is maintained28.Women rights activist claim that despite the 1983 amendment which did bring some procedural improvement in the state of women in rape trials, not much was reflected in reality. These amendments were not enough to stem the rise in the number of cases of sexual violence against women29. One crucial smirch in the law was the de finition of rape under Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which took into account only penile-vaginal penetration. Other physical and mental injuries were go forth to be dealt with under Sections 354 and 509 of the IPC as outraging the modesty of a woman.30In 1996, the substantive redundancy of these laws was exposed in the Gurmeet Singh case31where the trial court acquitted the rapists atheistical the version of the prosecutrix( despite section 114A of Evidence Act that allows the assumption of truth in the statement of the victim in rape trials and placing of the burden of proof on the accused) and delay in lodging the FIR, . The Supreme Court, however was emphatic to the cause and laid down certain guidelines to be followed in case of rape trials32 cargo area in lodging FIR is not material if properly explained.Testimony of the prosecutrix in cases of sexual harassment in cases of sexual assault is vital and unless there are compelling reasons which necessitate looking for corroboration of her statement, the Court should find no difficulty in convicting the ccused on prosecutrix testimony alone.Trial of sexual offences should be in camera and invariably by a lady judge wherever available.Court must restrain making observations that probably the prosecutrix is a girl of loose moral character.Court is under an obligation to see that prosecutrix is not unnecessarily harassed and humiliated in cross examination in case of rape trial.In the case of Dildar Singh v. State of Punjab33, it has been held by Honble Apex Court that delay in lodging of the first information report cannot be used as ritualistic formula for doubting the prosecution case and discarding the same on the ground of delay in lodging the first information report. near of these guidelines were translated into law by subsequent amendments to Indian Criminal Law. Later, vide the 2003 amendment to Indian Evidence Act, a proviso was added to section 146 which allowed for cross examination. It made it impermissible to question the prosecutrix in a rape trial regarding her past sexual conduct and history.34With the 2005 amendment to CrPC, section 53A35was added to incorporate provisions for medical examination of the rape accused to provide evidence. As for the examination of the rape victim, she cannot be medically examined without her consent, as stated in 164A36of CrPC. In case she is unable to express her consent, a person competent to consent on her behalf will do so. Also, the medical examination of both the accused and the victim has to be conducted within 24 hours of receiving the information of the offense.Notified on 31 celestial latitude 2009 was the latest amendment in CrPC in an attempt to sensitize the criminal laws towards protection of women further. Many provisions were introduced to minimize the harassment faced by victims during the process of investigation and trial in a rape case.The amendment act introduces a proviso in section 15737stating that the statement of the victim in a rape case has to be recorded , as far as feasible, by a lady officer, in a place she feels comfortable in preferably her home plate and in presence of her parents, guardians, near relatives or a social worker. This was primarily done to avoid the humiliation the victim has to suffer in revisiting the details of the flagitious incident in front of police men and others in a police station. Besides this, the act allowed audio-video electronic nub to record statement under 161 and 164 of CrPC to facilitate victims who are not in the physical or psychological state to be present in person before the magistrate for a statement. The amendment act adds to section 327, the provision of a lady judge trying a rape case as far as possible so as to bring a compassionate thought to the proceedings.One of the major contributions of the 2008 amendment act is the introduction of section 357 A38in CrPC providing for the provision for compensation to victims for in juries suffered. Though this provision is not women-specific, it can prove to be a major instrument for justice by providing the rape victims adequate compensation for the physical and emotional deformation they were subjected to. Compensation for rape was recognized by the Supreme Court for the first time in the Chandrima Das case39where the court held that the relief can be granted to the victim for two reasons- firstly, on the ground of domestic jurisprudence based on the Constitutional provisions( as her fundamental right to life and dignity is violated in a crime of this heinous a nature) and secondly, on the ground of humankind Rights Jurisprudence based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 which has international recognition as the Moral Code of Conduct- adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Activists hope that 357A will not merely be a procedural puppet in the hands of the state government and be actually utilized in facilitating some compens ations to the unfortunate victims of rape and sexual violence. The amendment also has provision of right to appeal for victims. Currently, the right to appeal lies with the state which directly fights the case with the accused. Under the proposed change, the victim can independently hire a lawyer and go in for an appeal in addition to what the state does40.Part IIIWitnessPolice is authorized by section one hundred sixty41of CrPC to summon a witness during investigation in case. This power however is limited by the proviso to sub-section 1 that restricts the police from summoning a male below fifteen years of age or a woman other than the place of his or her residence. A woman accused or a witness should not be summoned or required to attend at any police station under section 160 but they must be enquired only by women police or in presence of woman police at the place where they reside.42It was considered by the Supreme Court , in the Nandani Satpathy43case, to be a matter of publ ic policy to keep minor children and women away from police company except as much as possible till the time community confidence and consciousness will regard the police force as entitled to better trust and soften the stigmatizing provisions now writ across the code.44In the landmark case of Sakshi v Union of India45, the Supreme Court realized and acknowledged the pain and trauma a woman goes through when she is asked to reiterate the soul-scathing instance of rape and prescribed guidelines for treatment of victims and witnesses in a rape trial. The court accounted for the fact that the mere sight of the accused may induce an element of extreme fear in the mind of the victim or the witnesses and can put them in a state of shock, making it difficult to give a true testimony46. Therefore, a screen or some such arrangement can be made where the victim or witness do not have to undergo the trauma of seeing the body or face of the accused.In State of Maharashtra and P.C.Singh v Dr. Pr aful Desai47, the Supreme Court explicitly recognized video conferencing as a means of recording evidence in a rape trial to facilitate the victim-witness to assist questions without fear or embarrassment.The latest amendment to CrPC seems to be a manifestation of this guideline by the Court as it adds to section 27548, a proviso allowing audio-video electronic means to witness in presence of advocate of the accused so as to facilitate their testimony if they feel uncomfortable facing the accused and others in the court room.ConclusionThough amendments over the last two decades have introduced some element of sensitivity in our criminal laws, skeptics have their reservations regarding the same. The way women have been treated in criminal justice system in the past makes it difficult to place faith in it. For instance, the 2008 amendment act introducing the provision of women judges hearing rape cases is being frowned upon by some women rights activists and is being seen as a means of ghettoizing49female judges, confining them only to women related matters. There seems some legitimacy in this accusation as if providing male judges was the problem to be solved, why is one ignoring the male defense lawyers projecting scathing questions to the victim. Moreover, since there are lesser number of female judges in the country, waiting for the appointment of one in a rape trial will delay the justice further by weeks.Despite the gender-sensitive provisions like women officers arresting female offender, the system fails to account for practical impediments like the skewed ratio of male and female officers50.A gender-sensitive, rather than a gender-biased system seems a more wholesome solution to the approach as law as without the backing and support of law-enforcement authorities, the laws made are hollow words, which go unnoticed. Gender sensitivity, not gender, is the watchword, for patriarchy is endemic to the system, not a trait of males alone51.Thus, what is neede d today is not merely simulate sensitivity in procedural law, rather its reflection in reality to ensure that no woman is wronged in the hands of those claiming to dispense justice.

Evolution Of Substance Abuse In Mauritius Criminology Essay

Evolution Of Substance Ab engage In Mauritius Criminology EssaySubstance abuse is a multi-facetted puzzle that plagues a whole society, irrespective of different come on categories and social classes. The present moments and the mensuration of impairment ca employ to the individual, the family and society atomic number 18 diverse. Mauritius, spot macrocosm a small island of round 1.2 million1inhabitants only, far away from the leading powers of the global frugality, and niched at the heart of the Indian Ocean has not been spargond from this issue.According to the National drug determine Masterplan 2004-20092, the age of initiation to heart abuse in Mauritius starts from as early as 11 years because of peer or media influence. The rationale of substance abuse is even so not this simple. Sometimes, some passel give in to the instinctive human behaviour which is trying to find the easiest escape from harsh realities and nuisances of daily life, and resort to substance abu se.Evolution of substance abuse in MauritiusSubstance abuse may have become an alarming phenomenon of late, save do do drugsss have been present in Mauritius for a far longer time. The use of drugs has been recorded to have started with as early as during the French colonisation3with illicit rum production by slaves. With the reach of indentured labourers, Indians brought along with their culture and traditions, cannabis, while Chinese immigrants brought opium4. These drugs were mostly use in a socio-cultural circumstance, by adults with come on be a cause for serious concern. sixties brought with it the Hippie Culture5to Mauritanian shores as well as sore forms of drugs such as LSD6, Mandrax7and other hallucinogens which became synonymous to new highs to youngsters.The seventies caused an birth sidereal day suit different trend of substance abuse, as the situation changed drastically from its socio-cultural to a more significantly worrying use. A rudimentary form of heroin8 cognize as Brown Sugar was introduced in Mauritius. Brown Sugar was smuggled by means of the airport, harbour and through with(predicate) postal packets.The Amsterdam Affair9that broke fall out in 1985 was the quintessence of the scope of the drugs problem in Mauritius. As an attempt to display its put forwardingness to leave no st whizz unturned in the combat against drug trafficking, legislation was amended10and death penalty was introduced for proved traffickers. No drug trafficker have however been executed because of the thorny juristic issues surrounding capital punishment. A sudden downward trend was observed in 1987 and continued until 1990 after which indicators revealed a slight increase in illicit trafficking and consumption11.In 2003, the White Lady12 was a psychotropic drug opted by most drug users. Post 2005, Subutex13, which is normally used as preaching on those hooked on narcotic pain killers, and opiates, soon became the most sought-after drug in Mauritiu s. Substance Abuse and RepercussionsSocial ConsequencesSignificant social consequences include the rotting of the family unit, with the emotional and psychological well-being of family members being upset. Substance abuse and delinquency go hand in hand as sometimes dependency and drug insularity syndromes overcome reason and push addicts towards theft, violence and similar such acts to procure the financial means to obtain their required dosage. The 2009 World Drug Report14shows that make out of drug-related crimes has increased by 18% from 2006 to 2007.Health ConsequencesSubstance abuse affects the personal health of drugs addicts themselves. Withdrawal and apathy are a few of the psychological dysfunctions they capacity face. The impact of addiction can be far reaching. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, and lung disease can all be caused by drug abuse15.Because of needle sharing behaviour16, a well-established norm among IDUs as has been shown by the IDUs Respondent Dr iven Sampling17, which is explained by the increased costs and low financial means of IDUs as well as Police Services continuous stalking of IDUs in possession of drug paraphernalia, blood borne diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis18are easily transmitted, repercussions of which is catastrophic some(prenominal) for the IDU and society at large. IDUs who get affected by such blood borne diseases will often through a half mask effect, affect their versed partners, while pregnant women who are IDUs run the risk of contaminating their unborn children with such. Injecting drug use is the cause for an increasing proportion of human immunodeficiency virus infections in more parts of the world, Mauritius included. It is estimated that mingled with 11 and 21 million people worldwide give up drugs, and of those, between 0.8 and 6.6 million are infected with human immunodeficiency virus19.Financial ImpactsHealth services that have to be provided to drug addicts include treatment of diseases which may develop in drug addicts as a consequence of substance abuse, as well as costs of rehabilitation services, which is often overlooked by most persons. The cost of non-generic antiretroviral treatment per person per annum may amount up to $ 150020, averaging to about Rs 50, 000 found on current change rates.Financial consequences on the economy are grave, with the parallel running of a black economy with profits obtained from the illicit traffic, as well as with the effects of drugs abuse of members of the workforce which reduces productivity.Conventional Approaches to Substance abuseMauritius has ratified the building blocked Nations Drug Control Conventions21. It has also ratified the 2000 Convention on Trans-National Organized Crime22and is also signatory of both the African Union23and the SADC Drug Control Protocol. Existing legal frameworks that were used, and still are used to check into drugs supply and demand reduction areThe Dangerous Drug go 200024The P persec uteacy Act 198325The Financial intelligence service and Anti Money La down the stairsing Act 200226Drugs Demand ReductionDrugs demand reduction is one of the approach used to combat the substance abuse crisis at its core. Drug demand reduction refers to policies and programmes directed towards reducing the consumer demand for narcotic drug and psychotropic substances as covered by the three main internationalistic Drug Control Conventions, as mentioned above. The National Agency for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Substance Abusers (NATReSA) is a parastatal body under the aegis of the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and mend Institutions which was set up by an Act of Parliament in 199627and it is responsible for all demand reduction activities in the country. By conducting a number of measure activities in the community, schools and the workplace, NATReSA uses education as its main vehicular weapon to try to diminish the demand for drugs. It provides funding to a number of NGOs engaged in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation work. The National Prevention Unit set up by the NATReSa in 2002 has set up a Demand Reduction Integrated Program, from which more than 25 regions have already benefitted till date.Supply Side ReductionAs to supply side reduction, the law enforcement side is actively involved and a number of institutions operating under the aegis of different ministries are responsible for drug control activities.The Anti Drug Smuggling Unit (ADSU)28, the National chute Guard and the Special Mobile Force are special units of the Mauritius Police Force, working under the command of the Commissioner of Police involved in drug control. The offer and Immigration Office also operates under the supervision of the Commissioner of Police and has a role in the screening of passengers at the seaport and airport while employment Investigation and Intelligence Unit plays a noteworthy role in the checking of containers and other luggage enter ing the country. The Pharmacy Section of the Ministry of Health and feeling of liveness is responsible for the issuing of licenses for the import of licit narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.Finally, Mauritius Post Services work in close cooperation with the above units to exercise close control to guarantee that drugs do not enter the country through letters and postal packages and the Forest Department aids through its field work in forests, mountains and state lands, and is instrumental in detecting cannabis cultivation.According to the 2010 World Drug Report29, Mauritius is the country with the highest opiates consumption prevalence in the African classical with an estimate of 1.9 %. This demonstrates clearly that conventional approaches to the Mauritian drug problem have not met expectations in terms of efficiency in tackling it. Instead, new factors borne due to a rapidly changing society contributed to the rendering them in competent opening up of airspaces which w hile increasing benefits from the tourism and travel industry has also increased the risks of drugs being brought into the country by foreigners, expansion of the offshore sector through which large sums of money transits through Mauritius, sources of which remain confidential to the offshore companies and the open secret being that sometimes, part of these monies go into the black economy, financing drug transactions and poverty and prostitution which are key contributory factors as well to the expansion of the Mauritian drug market among others. The escalation of drug use became a cause for worry as the main vehicle for substance abuse being through injection, this implied a heightened risk of transmission of blood borne diseases30among the IDU population and hence a greater number of human immunodeficiency virus positive and hepatitis cases amongst others.An altogether new approach was hence choose to counter this eventuality, known as the harm reduction approach. The harm reduc tion which incorporates of needle exchange programs as well as methadone substitution therapy implied a completely different perspective, the core principle being admitting the existence of a substance abuse issue in a community, which often is stubbornly resisted by authorities, hence displaying the huge difficulty in the implementation of this method.Over the years, numerous observations have been made by journalists and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) representatives on the structural changes of the drug situation in Mauritius, the worrying dimensions of the issue of substance abuse and its relations with transmission of blood borne diseases. Harm reduction however, being a relatively new concept in Mauritius dating only back to 2006, remains a rather unexplored path.Hence, the purpose of this dissertation would be to bring focus on phonograph needle shift Programs (NEPs) as they are carried out in the Mauritian context. While running through a common overview of the ha rm reduction approach, the rationale behind it will be examined along with implementation timeline of NEP in Mauritius. Policy aspects will be reviewed and an analysis of the legal backdrop of NEPs in Mauritius will be presented, which will consist of a study salient features of the alive laws and NEPs and eventually the NEP specific framework which is the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS Act 06. NEP in prisons, being a delicate and elusive issue, will be considered and the prospect of such in Mauritian prisons discussed. The dissertation will be concluded by evaluating the Mauritian NEP, and proposing recommendations of possible ways to power train more towards efficiency and best practice with regards to Mauritian laws and needle exchange.Preliminary Chapter Understanding Harm ReductionThe Basic ConceptHarm reduction refers to policies, programmes and practices utilised and applied with the objective of diminishing risks associated with the use of drugs by substance abusers31. Subdivided into needle exchange programs and methadone substitution therapies, harm reduction is viewed as a far-reaching regularityrn approach to the problem of substance abuse and its related risks. The salient feature of this novel method is the radical shift in focus to the prevention of harm caused by substance abuse, rather than on the prevention of drug use itself. This entails recognising the existence of a substance abuse problem in society which in turn indicates the inability or sometimes even failure of concerned authorities in tackling the drug problem.This approach was often discussed in Mauritius after credit of the threat of human immunodeficiency virus as well as other blood borne diseases which were spreading through injecting drug use. (RSA())32. Stakeholders including the National AIDS Secretariat33agreed that harm reduction does not undermine but instead complements approaches believeking to prevent or decrease drug consumption. It is based on the recognitio n that many people throughout the world continue to use drugs despite the best of efforts to prevent drug use.Rationale Behind Harm ReductionHarm Reduction and adult male RightsThe harm reduction approach to drugs is based on a strong pledge to public health and human rights. Harm reduction interventions have name support among numerous United Nations (UN)34human rights mechanisms, specifically in context of HIV prevention and the right to attain the highest achievable standard of health supranational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights35(ICESCR) And Harm Reduction.The Committee on the Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights36(CESCR) has recommended37many times that States Parties scale up their harm reduction programmes in order to meet their obligations under Article 1238of the ICESCR. In its Concluding Observations on Ukraine (2007), the Committee stated that it was gravely concerned atthe limited nettle by drug users to substitution therapy, and recommended that th e state party make drug substitution therapy and other HIV prevention services more accessible for drug users39.In 2009, the UN Human Rights Council40adopted a colonisation on human rights and HIV/AIDS that unequivocally provided support to harm reduction programs, including needle exchange. The small town reflected past Commitments41made at the General Assembly42in 2001 and again in 2006. In 2010, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs43adopted a resolution more than ever, backing the far-reaching package of interventions for HIV prevention treatment and among injecting drug users. Both ECOSOC and the UNAIDS Programme Co-ordinating Board(will be explained in footnote) have also endorsed these interventions.Article 15.1.b ((will be laid out in footnote) guarantees the right of everyone to benefit from scientific progress and its applications. In the context of injecting driven HIV, this implies a right to benefit from evidence based programs that can prevent, treat and control HIV/AI DS and other drug related potential diseases. Harm reduction methods have been backed by all-encompassing scientific evidence base indicative of their effectiveness at reducing injecting-related risks.Research Based RationaleSupply reduction has been used in Mauritius now, since many years and although being an expensive method to combat substance abuse, drug trafficking crimes and substance abuse is still well present in the Mauritian society.2002, 2003 to 2004 mode of transmission of HIV and blood borne infections steadily shifted from heterosexual activities to injecting drug use.(annexed charts)The 2009 Injecting Drug User HIV surveillance survey was implemented by the AIDS Unit of the Mauritius Ministry of Health and Quality of manners (MOHQL). HIV prevalence is 47.4%. Hepatitis C prevalence is 97.3%. (Results of the survey will be annexed as table)Currently, injecting drug use comprises the bulk of HIV infections in Mauritius. Whereas in 2002 injecting drug use accounted for 14% of all new HIV infections in Mauritius, this percentage increased dramatically to 92% in 2005.44Although HIV prevalence among Injecting Drug Users appears to have decreased gradually to 73% in 2008, this percentage is still cause for worry. The use of non-sterile needles and syringes and other injecting drug equipment is an extremely efficient mode of HIV transmission and remains a key factor aggravating the HIV epidemic among drug users worldwide.Estimation of population size of IDUs in 2009 has been rounded off at 10000.High-risk injection drug use practices 61.2% of Injecting Drug Users report injecting two to three times a day and 29.3% reported injecting with a previously used needle in the past monthThe Implementation of Harm Reduction In MauritiusHarm reduction implemented in Mauritius under two programs Methadone Substitution Therapy and The Needle transmute ProgramMethadone Substitution Therapy (MST)Methadone hydrochloride is an opioid (will be explained in footnote). Methadone is now in the beginning used today for the treatment of narcotic addiction. Methadones effects can last up to 24 hours, thereby given only once a day in heroin detoxification and maintenance programs for the treatment of people dependent on heroin and other opioids. (sources will be provided in footnote) Methadone is usually ready(prenominal) as a liquid and drunk with fruit juice.MST works by reducing cravings and blocking highs from heroin. It does not provide the euphoric rush. The drug user under MST will no longer experience extreme highs and lows that results from the level of heroin in the blood. (source will provided in footnote). Ultimately, the patient remains physically dependent on the opioid, but is freed from the uncontrolled, compulsive, and disruptive behavior seen in heroin addicts. National Detoxification Centre For MST found at Cit Barkly. Program may be residential (15 days) or day-care. Drug users are induced on methadone under medical supervision a nd doses consequently adjusted.16 methadone dispensing points from which drug users, after having gone through initial induction receive their daily doses of methadone.Needle Exchange ProgramForms part of harm reduction strategy and is funded by the Government through the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life and partially by international organisations such as the Global Fund.NGOs and Government through Ministry Of Health and Quality of life both carry out NEPs.The program offers a comprehensive package of services which include exchange of used needles, HIV counselling and testing, provision of condoms and alcohol swabs and referrals for rehabilitation services (where requested) as well as other HIV-related services.The Mauritian Needle Exchange ProgramImplementation of Needle Exchange Program In MauritiusHaving recognised injecting drug use as the main vehicle of blood borne transmission, the aim behind carrying out needle exchange programs is to transmissionof HIVand otherviral infections(HepatitisBC)which travels through contaminated syringes and equipments.NEP protects the IDU, by ensuring provision of safe, clean and sterile injecting equipment, eliminating risk of transmission of HIV and blood borne infections through sharing.NEP protects not only the IDU but also IDUs sexual partner.Needle exchange started in 2006 by two NGOs- Ki Nu t and Prevention Information et Lutte contre le Sida (PILS) on two sites Batterie Cass and Baie Du Tombeau (source will be cited in footnote)Adoption of HIV/AIDS Act in 2006 which provided legal framework for NEP following which November 2007 saw government through the Ministry of Health And Quality of Life endorse NEP in Mauritius through the official launching of the NEP in Mauritius.A third NGO started NEP on a new site at Tranquebar in November 2007In 2008, MOHQL called for tenders for new NGOS willing to participate in NEP, with only one response and in February 2008 Idriss Goomany Centre (IGC) started Needle Exchang e on a new site in Plaine VerteMarch 2008 saw some of the non-governmental organisations undertaking needle exchange till date regroup themselves under the aegis of one cardinal organisation Collectif Urgence Toxida (CUT). CUT consists of Ki Nu Et, PILS and Rapid IGC joined CUT for a limited time period only. In April 2008 two new sites for needle exchange were put into operation by CUT.May 2008 official kick off of government run NEP It is worth noting that Mauritius has pioneered government run needle exchange in Sub-Saharan AfricaAs of date- 35 sites officially operating for Government run NEP and 17 sites for NGOs run NEPOperation of the Mauritian Needle Exchange Program 2 principal methods of operation, NGO run NEP and Government Run NEPNGOs street based needle exchange. Usually, two members of the NGO visit a fixed spot in the locality the site, a certain number times per week (depending on the NGO in question) and have a number of syringes with them and an empty gallon. IDUs come to see them , bringing with them the used syringes which are disposed in the gallon and are given new sterile syringes by the members. IDUs are assigned a grave when they visit the sites. It should be noted that this is not for identification purposes of the IDUs but rather for monitoring and reporting purposes (Number of syringes per IDUs, number of IDUs visiting each sites). Disposal of the needles is made after closure of sites for the day, by dropping them off at regional hospitals, where they are burnt in the incinerators.MOHQL Mobile NEP through two operational caravans. Two definitive health care assistants and one qualified nurse per caravan (identified by Ministry issed identification cards). Each caravan visit three sites daily, spending an average of one hour and a half to two hours on each site. Work in collaboration with peer leaders amongst IDUs who help facilitate smooth interacting between IDU crowds and the government staff.The Needle Exchange Program in Mauritius and Other Policy MeasuresNeedle Exchange And Demand ReductionDemand reduction, focuses on detoxification and management of withdrawal syndromes with the aim of long term abstinence. However, the results yielded are not the expected ones as detoxification succeeds in removing people from the drug scene in the short term but the relapse rates usually approach 100 per cent (Fact Sheet Supply Demand And Harm Reduction, Burnet Institute Centre For Harm Reduction).Needle Exchange And Methadone Substitution TherapyContrasting costs of providing needle and costs of providing methadoneReturn rate of syringes and treatment follow-up statistics and relapse rates for MSTEfficiency of both harm reducting programs in the sense that they would still cost less even than provision of antiretroviral treatment to an HIV positive person (provision of non-generic anti-retroviral may approximate $15000)The Needle Exchange Program and Its Framework In MauritiusAdoption of the HIV/AIDS Act 2006N eedle exchange was carried out by NGOs even before the HIV/AIDS Act came into effect. As such, they faced a legal impediment in the sense that the practice of needle exchange was inconsistent with the provisions of existing laws which is the Dangerous Drugs Act at its section 34(c) which made possession of injecting equipment and drug paraphernalia a criminal offence.Following several committees of various stakeholders including the MOHQL itself, police officers, specially members of the ADSU and NGOs , it was agreed that there was a need for a framework to regulate the situation of NEPs. HIV/AIDS Act 2006 was then adopted in 2006 with general consensus by members of parliaments (comments of few members from Hansard will be included here and lengthier works will be attached) and came into effect in August 2007.Aims of HIV/AIDS Act 06 according to the act itself is to provide for measures for the prevention and containment of HIV and AIDSAnalysis of this aim was a framework really required to provide for prevention measures which are done principally through education, information and sensitization, and containment which is already handled through supply-side reduction. This tends to lead to the conclusion that the true motive behind the HIV/AIDS Act was to provide a legal framework for the NEPPossession of Syringes and Needles and the HIV/AIDS Act 06Article 2 of the International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also requires legislative reform in order to create a legal and policy environment conducive to the scale up of these services and the removal of barriers to access and insurance coverage to improve accessibility. Hence in line with this, Section 16 of the HIV/AIDS Act deals with the Possession of syringes and needles in the context of NEP. It in fact through very explicit terms decriminalizes its possession in the circumstance of the NEP.This was crucial because possession of a used needle and syringe may be used as circumstantial evidence to lay other drug-related charges. For this reason some clients may be reluctant to return used equipment to NEP site.fear of being arrested while in possession of drugs and/or injection equipment can lead IDUs to rush injections, skip safer injection techniques (e.g., hand and skin cleaning) and to feel so anxious that they cannot inject with accuracy. All of these consequences can increase the risk of injection-related problems such as infections and skin and soft-tissue damageHowever Section 34 (c) has still not yet been repealed. Questionned by NGOs as to whether this is a best practice.Needle Exchange Health and Safety Under the HIV/AIDS Act 06Handling of used syringes by personnel involved under the NEP compliance with Occupational Health and Safety Act Applicable only for Govt. Run NEPsSection 10 Risk Assessment By Employment (Will be showed in footnote) Is this carried out?Section 35 Cleanliness (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 37 Ventilation and Temperature (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 39 Sanitary Conveniences (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 40 Supply of drinking water (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 41 Washing Facilities (Will be showed in footnote)

Harley Davidson Strategic Analysis Essay -- Motorcycles Harley Davidso

Harley Davidson Strategic Analysis William Harley and Arthur Davidson wanted to take the work out of riding bicycles in 1901. After being joined by the Arthur brothers, Walter and William, they came up with the idea of putting a motor and a bicycle together. Many engine changes were made forrader the builders were satisfied. In 1903, they created the first Harley-Davidson motorcycle and produced three that year. Harley built its first building in 1907 on Juneau Avenue in Milwaukee. That same year, 150 motorcycles were produced. As they were used for recreational purposes, they were also used in military situations. They proved useful in border skirmishes and the government called for 20,000 wheel arounds to be shipped overseas. Following the war, other companies tried to enter the market, but Harley remained the largest. The depression had an unfavorable effect on Harley as it did with most corporations, but it outlasted the crisis and celebrated its fiftieth year in 1953 as the touch on survivor in the motorcycle industry. Harley did turn public in 1965, but was bought by thirteen senior Harley-Davidson executives in 1981. It was returned to public ownership in 1986 by offering two million shares of common stock. It was approved by the New York Stock exchange in 1987 and has been there ever since.2.A company with the tarradiddle of Harley-Davidson has few weaknesses and threats, but a SWOT analysis can help them turn them into favorable opportunities and attitudes.Strengths- Customer loyalty is probably the number one strength of Harleys business. Once a person buys a Harley, it seems as though they become trapped in the entire Harley business. Once they buy a Harley, they usually neer buy another brand of motorcycle. Along with the bike comes the apparel. Once a person purchases a bike, the jacket, bandanas, etc. become a must. Opportunity- For Harley is that the economy is at a place where people will go out and purchase a motorcycle for recreational purposes. Whether the economy is good or not, is a place where they whitethorn thrive. When the economy is not doing as well, people may look at a motorcycle as a more economical way to kick the bucket so Harley can do well in both situations. Weaknesses- Large numbers of products being produced can make for many errors. When there is such a demand to produce many of one type of product, there can be many mistakes that... ...s and perhaps by reaching out to them with these types of products, they will buzz off future relationships with them. These performance products can be used for recreation and competition while keeping that edge that Harley has had since it began.5. The stock of Harley continues to rise as the idea that the Japanese is dominating the industry. Since the beginning of the year, the stock for Harley has risen almost 49%. Part of the reason is the change in their operations. For years, people would have to wait for months for a bike due to the huge demand, but f oul ups have been fixed and they are now pumping out bikes like never before. This article also states how well Harley deals with its employees and their union. almost recently, they signed a seven-year contract while still having one year left on their previous contract. There are some critics though who recollect that Harley is just a balloon waiting to burst. Due to the expensive price, they believe that there is not much room to grow and that it is only a matter of time before the stock price begins to drop.-www.harleydavidson.com-http//www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2000/nf20001117_421.htm

Magical Elements in The Day We Were Dogs :: Day We Were Dogs Essays

Magical Elements in The Day We Were blackguards The short story The Day We Were Dogs, first published in 1993, was written by Elena Garro. She was born in Pueblo, Mexico, on December 15, 1920. I feel that the story definitely has to deal with magical realism. The Day We Were Dogs has too many magical elements that are treated as normal not to be magical realism. However, I excessively felt that the story has few unreal elements that are not treated as normal. Therefore, I feel that the story may also fit into the genre of fantastic literature, which creates questions about the unreal elements. Given this fact that the story hovers between magical realism and fantastic literature, it can not be absolutely defined as an example of magical realism. After reading The Day We Were Dogs, I felt that some things were treated as normal. One of the characteristics of magical realism is the fact that the girls might be dogs. To me, this is an obvious magical element. A human can not flex into a dog in any way, shape, or form. Also, a magical realist characteristic is when one of the girls touched a worm with her fingertip and it became a red noise (208). If she is a dog, I find myself asking Why is he touching the worm with his fingertip? In addition, Eva rested her head on her fore paws and closed her eyeball (209). The fact that the girls are switching from a human back to an animal seems magical to me. Most importantly, these magical elements are treated as normal by the characters, a necessary criteria for magical realism (Faris 172). The sun beating down, the earth burned, and the dogs food was heavy as bags of rocks (209), however, in my opinion, is an example of an unreal element that is questionable. Dog food is heavy, but I do not think that it is as heavy as rocks. I felt that it was somewhat an exaggeration. Therefore, I feel that it is a fantastic element, one that is questioned (Todorov), rather than an example of magical realism in which the unreal is treated as normal. Grounding the magical elements in reality is also a characteristic of magical realism. I found some realistic elements in the story The Day We Were Dogs as well.