Concord Bookshop Organizational Change Essay

Today’s organizations are facing many challenges such as threats of inflation, deflation, and recession resulting worsening the economy of the United States. According to Borkowski (2005) and Spector (2010), they state that the economy worldwide is very difficult nowadays because many internal and external forces. One of the best seller bookshop, the Concord Bookshop, lost control over the market because of huge losses. To stay open to business the company needed a change. The company hired a new president to help the company to maintain finances and funcionality, but employees had tremendous resistance to the change. The company made a drastic plan to change employees behaviors to improve bussines, but owners of the bookshop did not use effective implementation for the change process. On the other hand, workers at Concord increased resistance to the change process because owners did have neither communication nor inclusion of changes; instead, they increase their fear and unc ertainty of the employees. Adding more, the owners failed to use effective redesign, mutual engagement, and shared diagnosis (Spector, 2010). This paper will define the phases in the organizational change process, including phases not completed or implemented at the Concord Bookshop leading the organization to fail. Assessment of Forces The Concord Bookshop had been on the market for 64 years, it was one of the best independent stores in New England, but they went off business because their profits were tightened. Other bookstores such Amazon Barnes and Nobel increased their finances because they made changes according to the needs of new technologies and customers expectations. The progressions of these bookstores were implemented by redesigning their business; so their earnings went higher. The Concord Bookshop had a particular characteristic to attract customers, according to Joanne Arnaud, director of the Boston Literacy Fund and a Concord resident, she signed the letter: â€Å"What make the Concord Bookshop different are the people and their institutional memory and their memory for a customer, they are so warm and welcoming† (Spector, 2010, p. 2). The organization needed a good strategic plan to maintain business open. The company needed a change, but they made a drastic plan that employees had strong resistance to the change. Owners failed to communicate the employees the shared diagnosis, the severity of the problem, and they did not use effective implementation for the change process. This happening made workers feel devaluated; they stated that something on their lives were lost. Adding more, the owners failed to use effective redesign and change process, mutual engagement, and shared diagnosis (Spector, 2010). Strategic Responsiveness According to Spector (2010), the president of Concord Morgan Smith’s attempted to bring financial discipline to the Concord Bookshop facing sensitive realities. Owners, employees, customers, and suppliers approved the desire of maintaining the store’s viability. In addition, Smith’s approach and the actions taken by leaders created resistance of the employees because they did not do the correct strategy to solve the company losses, also they did not implemented the plan; therefore, these errors led to resistance, conflict, and resentment. Identifying the need for change is vital; first, it is required to do an assessment on the organization, employees, finances, and structure. Implementation is crucial; however, it is necessary to do a deep recognition for effectiveness of strategic response. The main forces that make organizations to change are external, industry environments, and new operating requirements generated from these environments; for example, new technology available, new trends of selling on the Internet, and more. Today’s organizations are facing many challenges; for example, trade, and industry insecurity, wars, and terrorism weaken the economy globally. External forces affect in general weakening the economy of the United States. One of the major external forces affecting businesses is the increased use of technology and the availability of the Internet (Borkowski, 2005) (Spector, 2010). According to Spector (2010), strategic renewal requires organizational change, Concord Bookshop needed to move from a traditional and conservative store for British shoppers to Internet buyers. The strategy for renewal of business, leaders need to align internal processes, structures, and systems in accordance with demands of the market system. For example, â€Å"New organizational capabilities, talents and skills possessed by employees need to be built† (Spector, 2010, p. 5). Managers need to discontinue old behaviors on employees by selecting new approach, in which employees feel comfortable and secure to accept the change. Consequently, workers needed new orientation on-the-job, new tasks, and responsibilities to assure the viability of the company as well as employment. The goal of any organization is to create lasting modification in patterns of employee’s behaviors to support strategic renewal. Concord Bookshop Strategic Renewal was not implemented * Strategic renewal requires organizational change; in the case of Concord business was not implemented. Strategic renewal demands, â€Å"Wide-scale invention, reinvention, and redesign of business processes and organizational structures require organizational change. The leaders in charge of the organization did not do renewal demands. According to Spector (2010), Concord closed after 64 years on business making many people unemployed, they felt depressed and devaluated for the store situation. Mistakes found in the organization were the following: employers did not complete mutual engagement and shared diagnosis, they did not restructure leadership adequately, and they failed to diagnose the pattern of behavior within a top leadership team (Spector, 2010).The conflict put pressure on the store when independent booksellers are staggering from competition and the Internet. * Phases of the Organizational Change Process not Completed or Implemented at the Concord Bookshop that Led the Change Failure Turnaround Turnaround is a technique that focuses on processes for improvement. Turnaround addresses finances of the balance sheet enhancement and technology. Concord did not complete turnaround well; instead, there was not salaries deducted, and employees did not lose their job immediately. Adding to this, there was misunderstandings and fears to employees; these reasons put the company on fire. Smith on the other hand, did not focus on new behaviors, turnaround looks at the company’s assets seeking manage finances to stabilize the cash flow; Smith did not manage well finances of the company. According to Mark (2007), employees did not receive efforts to change with pleasure. In the process of implementation, some resistance from employees comes from different internal sources; also resistance comes from external sources. Workers at Concord had increased resistance to the change process. Techniques and Tools Techniques and tools is a non-behavioral phase of change process. Concord failed to change this technique by not using organizational processes, mechanics, and other interactions intended to produce a product or service. For example, in 2007, Netflix started a new technique for improving customer service by substituting hundreds of telephone call centers for e-mail based response system. They save money, and created new employment; call center representatives were added to payroll. For instance, Concord could have done this technique and turn to different customer service system. This system could fit well for Concord Bookshop to attract new customers to stay alive on business (Spector, 2010). Outsourcing Outsourcing is a change technique, this tools implements the turnaround and transformational behavior change (e.g., cost-saving) implications (Spector, 2010). Organizations find outsourcing a very important strategy because: 1. Outsourcing saves money by transferring jobs to lower-paid workers. 2. Outsourcing enables companies to concentrate on core competencies. 3. Outsourcing offers a hedge against shifting technologies and customer preferences by lowering fixed costs and building flexibility (Spector, 2010, p. 16) Smith’s approach crated a conflict, resistance, and resentment. The organization needed to change to respond to the external demands. Concord leaders did not communicate the change well as they should so employees would understand and change behaviors. The organization needed to change the demands of the customers adapting the business to sell according to the new technology; for example, the new mode of communication was the Internet. Therefore, by the time they wanted to fix it was already late. Smith did not do outsourcing well because he did not realign the behaviors of the employees with company strategy and customer expectation. Trigger Events and Change According to Spector (2010), Organizational change is typically initiated in response to a trigger event. Spector (2010), states that Trigger event is a shift in the environment that precipitates a need for altered strategies and new patterns of employee behavior. For the Concord Bookshop, the increasing penetration of online booksellers into the store’s market space triggered the requirement for strategic renewal (Spector, 2010, p. 18). Trigger events are external or internal to an organization. Trigger events help to precipitate the need to alter behavioral patterns of employees. Concord Bookshop faced external trigger events. Trigger events may come from inside the organization; for example, when the organization hires a new leader. According to Spector (2010), she says â€Å"Jack Welch was promoted to CEO of General Electric (GE) in 1981, the company was enjoying decades of prosperity and success† (Spector, 2010, p. 18). This is an example of internal source of trigger event; Spector (2010), said â€Å"Virtually from the outset, in a quest for transformational change† (Spector, 2010, p. 18). Trigger events are so crucial for their magnitude and potential personal impact. They set into motion a series of mental alterations as individuals struggle to understand a situation. According to Spector (2010), â€Å"trigger events have a nature to umbalance established routines and evoke conscious thought on the part of organizational members. It makes people’s emotions to react to a change. In short, according to Spector (2010), states â€Å"Trigger events bring people’s mindsets into the arena of change† (Spector, 2010, p. 18) Conclusion The Concord Bookshop downsizing was terrible, the owners of the bookshop made changes to their organization without using an effective change process and implementation. The result of their approach was the resistance of the change from people in the organization. The organization made a numerous mistakes on not communicating to employees the severity of the problem. The owners of the bookshop recognized that the trigger event for the need for change was to recover financial profit. However, they did not involve the rest of the staff when this problem aroused. If they did a complete shared diagnosis stage, the issue would be solved properly. Last, the owners failed to move and redesign stage of the effective change process. The owners needed to redesign the roles and responsibilities, and involve the employees on planning solutions, so changes will be accepted more easily (Borkowski, 2005) (Spector, 2010). References Borkowski, N. (2005). Organizational Behavior in Health Care, 1e. Miami, Florida: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Mark H. (2007). The tools and techniques of change management, Journal of change management Vol 7 p37-49 http://www.scribd.com/doc/78216618/Spector-2e-Instructors-Manual Spector, B. (2010). Implementing Organizational Change. Theory into Practice, Second Edition. USA: Pearson Education. Rosen, J. (2011). Bookstores and Bloggers. Publishers Weekly, 228(20), 20. Taken from EBSCO September 252012.

Mutual Mistake Essay

Abstract Mutual Mistake of fact is when both parties of a contract make an assumption of fact when contract is formed and signed. The mistake must significantly change what you have to do under the contract, almost to the point where it’s an entirely different agreement. Although, if you knew there was a strong chance or probability of mistake at the time the contract was signed, you may have assumed the risk of that mistake. You therefore cannot use the mutual mistake defense. Not all cases of Mutual Mistake are strong enough to void a contract. Contract Law: Mistake of Fact In the given case: Josh Hartly was interested in purchasing a new car and visits his local auto dealer. In the course of his negotiations, he tells the salesperson that he wants the car with a 3.2 liter V6 engine and not the one with a 3.9 liter engine because he has concerns regarding the fuel economy of the 3.9 liter engine. Josh then signs a contract agreeing to purchase the car with a 3.2 liter V6 engine. What neither Josh nor the salesperson knew was that the manufacturer had already stopped manufacturing both the 3.2 liter and the 3.9 liter engines, and was equipping the cars with a newly designed 3.5 liter engine. This is a mutual mistake of fact that makes the signed contract void due to the lack of knowledge by both parties that the manufacturer had stopped making the cars with either a 3.2 liter or a 3.9 liter V6 engine and now only makes a 3.5 liter V6 engine for there cars. Someone trying to avoid his or her obligation under a contract can raise a mutual mistake defense. The defense states that both parties to the contract relied on a mistaken assumption when entering the contract, which then makes the contract void. A mistaken assumption is a fact that both John Hartly and the auto salesman believed to be true at the time the contract was signed, in this case the fact in question was that John Hartly was to receive a car with a 3.2 liter V6 engine. However, due to the manufacturer discontinuing production of the 3.2 liter engine, this fact is no longer true. As a result, the salesman can no longer perform the contract as he originally intended. (LaMance, 2011) It is absolutely agreeable that in these types of situations that a contract be deemed void from a mutual mistake of fact. If, for example, someone was contacted to dig a whole in someone’s backyard but after the contract had been signed both parties had found out that under a thin layer of dirt was solid rock, a mutual mistake of fact could make the contract void since neither party knew of the rock under the surface. If a mutual mistake defense was not possible then the person contracted to dig the whole would have to dig the whole under any circumstance and run the risk of destroying their equipment and/or having to spend more money for equipment capable of doing the job. In the case of John Harlty neither party acted unethically. Though one could argue that the salesperson should of known that the manufacturer was to stop production on cars with either a 3.2 liter and 3.9 liter V6 engine and begin production on a new model with a 3.5 liter engine before trying to sell a discontinued car to a customer. This would make it a unilateral mistake of fact because the salesperson had a reason to know of the mistake and it was his fault that led to the mistake (Emanuel, 2011). But, on the other hand, buying a new car is a pretty big deal and the potential customer should have done their own research and found out that a certain model of car was to be changed in the coming weeks, months, years, or however long it was until the change. The Uniform Commercial Code or UCC is a model statute that has been adopted by every state in the United States in its entirety. The UCC is most often used to resolve contract disputes for the sale of goods (LaMance, 2013). The UCC only deals with merchants, which is defined as anyone with a special knowledge in a given commercial field. Therefore, a sale of goods between two private, non-merchant parties will not be subject to UCC requirements (Rivera, 2013). In terms of winners and losers, there are no winners. One could say that the winner would be the buyer because they won the defense of mutual mistake of fact but they are still with out what they were trying to buy in the first place. The loser, though, would be the seller because they have lost business with the possible customer and made no profit in the sale that is now void. References Emanuel, S. L. (2011). Mistake. In Wolters Kluwer MBE Bar Prep. Retrieved from https://www.inkling.com/read/wolters-kluwer-mbe-bar-prep/mbe-contracts/chapter-4-mistake LaMance, K. (2011, November 8). Revoking contracts: mutual mistake lawyers. Legal Match. Retrieved from http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/revoking-contracts-mutual-mistake.html LaMance, K. (2013, August 28). Uniform commercial code lawyers. Legal Match. Retrieved from http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/uniform-commercial-code-lawyers.html Rivera, J. (2013, November 12). When does the UCC not apply to sale of goods? Legal Match. Retrieved from http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/when-does-the-ucc-not-apply-to-a-sale-of-goods.html

Business Plan Bar & Grill Essay

This is a business plan. It does not imply an offering of securities. 1.0 Executive Summary1 Chart: Highlights2 1.1 Objectives2 1.2 Mission2 1.3 Keys to Success2 2.0 Company Summary3 2.1 Company Ownership3 2.2 Start-up Summary4 Table: Start-up4 3.0 Products and Services5 4.0 Market Analysis Summary6 4.1 Market Segmentation6 Table: Market Analysis7 Chart: Market Analysis (Pie)7 4.2 Target Market Segment Strategy7 4.3 Service Business Analysis8 4.3.1 Competition and Buying Patterns9 5.0 Web Plan Summary9 5.1 Website Marketing Strategy9 5.2 Development Requirements9 6.0 Strategy and Implementation Summary9 6.1 SWOT Analysis10 6.1.1 Strengths10 6.1.2 Weaknesses10 6.1.3 Opportunities10 6.1.4 Threats10 6.2 Competitive Edge10 6.3 Marketing Strategy11 6.4 Sales Strategy11 6.4.1 Sales Forecast12 Table: Sales Forecast12 Chart: Sales Monthly13 Chart: Sales by Year13 6.5 Milestones14 Table: Milestones14 7.0 Management Summary14 7.1 Personnel Plan14 Table: Personnel15 8.0 Financial Plan15 8.1 Start-up Funding16 Table: Start-up Funding16 8.2 Important Assumptions17 8.3 Break-even Analysis17 Table: Break-even Analysis17 Chart: Break-even Analysis17 8.4 Projected Profit and Loss18 Table: Profit and Loss18 Chart: Profit Monthly19 Chart: Profit Yearly19 Chart: Gross Margin Monthly20 Chart: Gross Margin Yearly20 8.5 Projected Cash Flow21 Table: Cash Flow21 Chart: Cash22 8.6 Projected Balance Sheet23 Table: Balance Sheet23 8.7 Business Ratios25 Table: Ratios25 Table: Sales Forecast1 Table: Personnel1 Table: Profit and Loss2 Table: Cash Flow3 Table: Balance Sheet5 1.0 Executive Summary [Company Name] Contact: [Name] Direct Phone: XXX-XXX-XXXX Address: [Address] [City, State ZIP] Email: [Email Address] Introduction The long-term goal of [Company Name] is to serve quality food, have outstanding customer service and run and maintain a cost efficient base without sacrificing quality. [Company Name]serves high quality food and beverages in an inviting and friendly atmosphere at reasonable prices. [Company Name] is expanding its exposure through effective marketing as well as introducing the area to market segments that have not yet discovered the Company. Location [Company Name]is headquartered in Dwight, North Dakota which is located in Dickey County. The [Company Name] will be located on the site of the original [Company Name], which was built in 1961. This location is a landmark that sets on Highway 1 and 11 along the James River. The [Company Name] is nested nicely near the South Dakota border between Ellendale and Oakes, ND. The Company [Company Name]is a steakhouse concept which will offer a comfortable, friendly atmosphere. The Company’s owner is [Name], who established the restaurant as a Limited Liability Corporation. [Name] has 15 years of industry experience as a bartender and 8 years of experience as a cook. [Company Name] will be open 5 days per week. Serving dinner Tuesday-Wednesday from 5:00 pm to 10:00 pm; on Thursday – Saturday dinner served from 5:00 pm to 11:00 pm. Furthermore, the restaurant will be open one (1) Sunday a month on trial basis. Lunch will be served from 11:00 am to 2:00 pm. The restaurant will also be set-up as an all you can eat buffet style restaurant. Our Services [Company Name]’s menu will feature char broiled steaks, chicken, shrimp, burgers and a variety of basket foods along with occasional weekend specials of prime rib and barbecued ribs. Beverages will include various beers, cocktails and non-alcoholic beverages. The Market [Company Name] will focus on local residents and anyone passing by who wants to enjoy a good meal in a comfortable, friendly, down home atmosphere. [Company Name]’s market segmentation scheme is fairly straightforward and focuses on the target market, Dickey County, North Dakota residents. These customers prefer certain services and quality of food and it’s the Company’s duty to deliver on their expectations. Financial Considerations The current financial plan for [Company Name] is to obtain grant funding in the amount of $350,000. The grant will be used to get acquisition of the property, contents and rights to the business. Chart: Highlights [pic] 1.1 Objectives [Company Name]has three main objectives: †¢ To serve quality food. †¢ To have outstanding customer service. †¢ To run and maintain a cost efficient base without sacrificing quality. 1.2 Mission [Company Name]’s mission is to serve high quality food and beverages in an inviting and friendly atmosphere at reasonable prices. 1.3 Keys to Success [Company Name]’s keys to success are location, quality service and delicious food. 2.0 Company Summary [Company Name]is headquartered in Dwight, North Dakota Contact: [Name] Direct Phone: XXX-XXX-XXXX Address: [Address] [City, State ZIP] Email: [Email Address] The [Company Name] is located in Dwight, North Dakota, which is one mile west of the city Ludden in Dickey County. The Company is a start-up restaurant, owned by [Name], who has 15 years of industry experience as a bartender and 8 years of experience as a cook. Additionally, [Name] has 10 years of experience as an Administrative Assistant. [Company Name]is a steakhouse concept which will offer a comfortable, friendly atmosphere. The menu will feature char broiled steaks, chicken, shrimp, burgers and a variety of basket foods along with occasional weekend specials of prime rib and barbecued ribs. Beverages will include various beers, cocktails and non-alcoholic beverages. The [Company Name] will be located on the site of the original [Company Name], which was built in 1961. This location is a landmark that sets on Highway 1 and 11 along the James River. The [Company Name] is nested nicely near the South Dakota border between Ellendale and Oakes, ND. [Company Name]will be open 5 days per week. Serving dinner Tuesday-Wednesday from 5:00 pm to 10:00 pm; on Thursday – Saturday dinner served from 5:00 pm to 11:00 pm. Furthermore, the restaurant will be open one (1) Sunday a month on trial basis. Lunch will be served from 11:00 am to 2:00 pm. The restaurant will also be set-up as an all you can eat buffet style restaurant. [Company Name]will be closed on New Year’s Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. The lounge will be open Tuesday – Saturday from 5:00 pm to 1:00 am. The rest of business structure has not been identified as of date. There will be an attorney and accountant determined at a later date. 2.1 Company Ownership [Company Name]is a Limited Liability Corporation. The owner of the start-up restaurant is [Name], who has 100% ownership of the business. 2.2 Start-up Summary The following table and chart shows the start-up costs for [Company Name], LLC Table: Start-up |Start-up | | | | | |Requirements | | | | | |Start-up Expenses | | |Software (Cost/Inventory Control) |$500 | |Liquor/Food License (State/County) |$1,800 | |Inspections |$1,000 | |Supplies |$2,500 | |Utilities Deposit |$1,500 | |Legal & Accounting fees |$5,000 | |Propane Tank & 1st Fill |$3,000 | |Total Start-up Expenses |$15,300 | | | | |Start-up Assets | | |Cash Required |$0 | |Start-up Inventory |$26,000 | |Other Current Assets |$30,950 | |Long-term Assets |$329,800 | |Total Assets |$386,750 | | | | |Total Requirements |$402,050 | Chart: Start-up [pic] 3.0 Products and Services [Company Name]is a comfortable, inviting restaurant designed to make its customers feel at home. The dining side has a sizzling 48†³ gas powered grill and char boiler which will make all steaks to perfection. [Company Name] Menu: The following meals come with the customer’s choice of potato, baked, hash brown or fries. Meals also include a trip to the full salad bar! All steaks are hand cut daily and charbroiled to perfection. Steaks Choice Sirloin 10 oz †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $13.75 House Sirloin 8 oz †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $12.50 Petite Sirloin 6 oz †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $9.75 Beef Tips-grilled or hand dipped in batter-deep fried†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $12.50 Rib eye 12 oz†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $16.25 Rib eye 10 oz †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $14.75 Steak and Shrimp 6 oz sirloin steak with three deep fried shrimp †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $15.50 Seafood Walleye dipped in batter and deep fried †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $15.75 4 Jumbo shrimp served with tater sauce or red sauce†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $13.50 Cod (Torsk)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $11.50 Chicken  ¼ pc dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $11.50  ½ pc dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $13.50 Baskets All baskets served with fries or onion rings. Burgers are  ½ lb handmade served on toasted bun. Hamburger basket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $7.50 Cheese burger basket†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. $7.75 Burger basket served w/cheese, lettuce, onion, tomato†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $8.50 Chicken Strip (4 pc) basket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $8.75 Chicken Drummies (6) basket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $8.75 Breaded Tip basket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $9.25 Appetizer Platter Chicken drummies, Onion rings, Cheese sticks, Mushrooms, Mini Egg Rolls. Served with Ranch Dressing†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $15.25 Beverages Coffee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $1.00 Tea †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $1.00 Soda†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. $1.50 Milk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $1.50 4.0 Market Analysis Summary The U.S. restaurant industry, which consist of fast food, casual dining and upscale chains, is facing its toughest stretch in three decades. This is due to declining guest traffic, declining average check, and a decline in sales. To survive, restaurant operators will need to balance incentives and discounts with added value and brand enhancement. Steak restaurants comprise less than 5% of the total restaurant market. Service oriented steak houses have room to grow. Meat and potatoes are still what Americans want, and they want it with good service. [Company Name]will focus on local residents and anyone passing by who wants to enjoy a good meal in a comfortable, friendly, down home atmosphere. [Company Name] intends to cater to a wide group of people. The Company wants everyone to feel welcome and relaxed in a friendly atmosphere with a large menu selection. It is its goal to have the â€Å"most tender, tastiest steaks† in the area. [Company Name]has the services necessary to flourish within this industry. By delivering superior customer service, offering affordable prices and developing an outstanding reputation, [Company Name]’s potential is excellent. 4.1 Market Segmentation Individuals going out to spend good money on meals or beverages want a variety of items to choose from. Additionally, these individuals want to dine at an establishment with consistent business hours. [Company Name]will be more than willing to offer that to all customers who walk into the business. The Company wants to create an environment that is fun, friendly and comfortable with prices that are very competitive. Customers are the first priority. [Company Name]’s market segmentation scheme is fairly straightforward and focuses on the target market, Dickey County, North Dakota residents. These customers prefer certain services and quality of food and its Company’s duty to deliver on their expectations. The information contained in the market analysis table, displays [Company Name]’s main markets. All of [Company Name]’s clients will benefit from its delicious food, atmosphere and exceptional customer service. Table: Market Analysis |Market Analysis | | | | | | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |Sales | | | | |Food |$259,480 |$275,049 |$291,552 | |Dining Beverage |$14,400 |$15,264 |$16,180 | |Bar Beverage |$30,928 |$32,784 |$34,751 | |Total Sales |$304,808 |$323,096 |$342,482 | | | | | | |Direct Cost of Sales | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |Food |$90,800 |$96,248 |$102,023 | |Dining Beverage |$1,440 |$1,526 |$1,618 | |Bar Beverage |$9,588 |$10,163 |$10,773 | |Subtotal Direct Cost of Sales |$101,828 |$107,938 |$114,414 | Chart: Sales Monthly [pic] Chart: Sales by Year [pic] 6.5 Milestones In order to achieve the growth and marketing goals that have been outline in this business plan, [Company Name]has deadlines to meet and ideas to implement. Some of these are outlined below: 1. Obtain grant funding in the amount of $350,000 to improve business 2. Acquisition of the property, contents and rights to the business Table: Milestones |Milestones | | | | | | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |Owner/Manager |$33,600 |$34,272 |$34,957 | |Head Cook |$16,800 |$17,136 |$17,479 | |Asst. Cook |$7,776 |$7,932 |$8,090 | |Head Waiter |$12,180 |$12,424 |$12,672 | |Waiters |$13,080 |$13,342 |$13,608 | |Bartenders |$8,352 |$8,519 |$8,689 | |Dishwashers |$6,264 |$6,389 |$6,517 | |Total People |14 |14 |14 | | | | | | |Total Payroll |$98,052 |$100,013 |$102,013 | 8.0 Financial Plan The current financial plan for [Company Name]is to obtain grant funding in the amount of $350,000. The grant will be used to get acquisition of the property, contents and rights to the business. The following sections of this plan will serve to describe [Company Name]’s financial plan in more detail: †¢ General Assumptions †¢ Break-even Analysis †¢ Profit and Loss †¢ Cash Flow †¢ Balance 8.1 Start-up Funding [Company Name]’s start-up costs are detailed in the Start-up Table. The following table shows how these start-up costs will be funded. Table: Start-up Funding |Start-up Funding | | |Start-up Expenses to Fund |$15,300 | |Start-up Assets to Fund |$386,750 | |Total Funding Required |$402,050 | | | | |Assets | | |Non-cash Assets from Start-up |$386,750 | |Cash Requirements from Start-up |$0 | |Additional Cash Raised |$0 | |Cash Balance on Starting Date |$0 | |Total Assets |$386,750 | | | | | | | |Liabilities and Capital | | | | | |Liabilities | | |Current Borrowing |$0 | |Long-term Liabilities |$0 | |Accounts Payable (Outstanding Bills) |$0 | |Other Current Liabilities (interest-free) |$0 | |Total Liabilities |$0 | | | | |Capital | | | | | |Planned Investment | | |Owner |$10,000 | |Outside Financing |$350,000 | |Additional Investment Requirement |$42,050 | |Total Planned Investment |$402,050 | | | | |Loss at Start-up (Start-up Expenses) |($15,300) | |Total Capital |$386,750 | | | | | | | |Total Capital and Liabilities |$386,750 | | | | |Total Funding |$402,050 | 8.2 Important Assumptions The table below presents the assumptions used in the financial calculations of this business plan. The average percent variable cost is estimated to be 33%. The estimated monthly fixed cost is $13,705. 8.3 Break-even Analysis For the break-even analysis, the monthly revenue needed to break-even is $20,581. The break-even analysis has been calculated on the â€Å"burn rate† of the Company. [Company Name]feels that this gives the investor a more accurate picture of the actual risk of the venture. Table: Break-even Analysis |Break-even Analysis | | | | | |Monthly Revenue Break-even |$20,581 | | | | |Assumptions: | | |Average Percent Variable Cost |33% | |Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost |$13,705 | Chart: Break-even Analysis [pic] 8.4 Projected Profit and Loss [Company Name]’s Pro Forma Profit and Loss statement was constructed from a conservative point-of-view, and is based in large part on past performance. The income for Year 1, Year 2 and Year 3 are $304,808, $323,096 and $342,482, respectively. The net profit for the same period is $26,961, $36,035 and $42,838, respectively. The percentages of the net profit sales for this period were 8.85%, 11.15% and 12.51%, respectively. Once the Company receives grant funding to add the new assets, the depreciation of the building will be over a 20 year period, while the equipment will be depreciated over a 7 year period. Table: Profit and Loss |Pro Forma Profit and Loss | | | | | | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |Sales |$304,808 |$323,096 |$342,482 | |Direct Cost of Sales |$101,828 |$107,938 |$114,414 | |Other Costs of Sales |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Total Cost of Sales |$101,828 |$107,938 |$114,414 | | | | | | |Gross Margin |$202,980 |$215,159 |$228,068 | |Gross Margin % |66.59% |66.59% |66.59% | | | | | | |Expenses | | | | |Payroll |$98,052 |$100,013 |$102,013 | |Marketing/Promotion |$6,250 |$6,438 |$6,631 | |Depreciation |$12,045 |$13,143 |$13,143 | |Supplies |$600 |$618 |$637 | |Utilities |$8,400 |$8,652 |$8,912 | |Insurance |$5,004 |$5,004 |$5,004 | |Maintenance |$1,200 |$1,236 |$1,273 | |Office Expense |$1,800 |$1,854 |$1,910 | |Payroll Taxes |$9,805 |$10,001 |$10,201 | |Phone/TV/Internet |$1,800 |$1,854 |$1,910 | |Propane |$12,000 |$12,360 |$12,731 | |Property Tax |$2,508 |$2,508 |$2,508 | |Acct & Legal |$5,000 |$0 |$0 | | | | | | |Total Operating Expenses |$164,464 |$163,681 |$166,871 | | | | | | |Profit Before Interest and Taxes |$38,516 |$51,478 |$61,197 | |EBITDA |$50,561 |$64,621 |$74,340 | | Interest Expense |$0 |$0 |$0 | | Taxes Incurred |$11,555 |$15,443 |$18,359 | | | | | | |Net Profit |$26,961 |$36,035 |$42,838 | |Net Profit/Sales |8.85% |11.15% |12.51% | Chart: Profit Monthly [pic] Chart: Profit Yearly [pic] Chart: Gross Margin Monthly [pic] Chart: Gross Margin Yearly [pic] 8.5 Projected Cash Flow [Company Name] is a start-up Company that has applied for a grant of $350,000. The Company forecasts that it will receive funding in the month of October. During this period, the Company will get acquisition of the property, contents and rights to the business. The following table displays [Company Name]’s cash flow, and the chart illustrates monthly cash flow in the first year. Monthly cash flow projections are also included in the appendix. Table: Cash Flow |Pro Forma Cash Flow | | | | | | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |Cash Received | | | | | | | | | |Cash from Operations | | | | |Cash Sales |$304,808 |$323,096 |$342,482 | |Subtotal Cash from Operations |$304,808 |$323,096 |$342,482 | | | | | | |Additional Cash Received | | | | |Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received |$0 |$0 |$0 | |New Current Borrowing |$0 |$0 |$0 | |New Other Liabilities (interest-free) |$0 |$0 |$0 | |New Long-term Liabilities |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Sales of Other Current Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Sales of Long-term Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |New Investment Received |$350,000 |$0 |$0 | |Subtotal Cash Received |$654,808 |$323,096 |$342,482 | | | | | | |Expenditures | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | | | | | | |Expenditures from Operations | | | | |Cash Spending |$98,052 |$100,013 |$102,013 | |Bill Payments |$136,504 |$176,166 |$184,277 | |Subtotal Spent on Operations |$234,556 |$276,179 |$286,291 | | | | | | |Additional Cash Spent | | | | |Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Other Liabilities Principal Repayment |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Purchase Other Current Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Purchase Long-term Assets |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Dividends |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Subtotal Cash Spent |$234,556 |$276,179 |$286,291 | | | | | | |Net Cash Flow |$420,252 |$46,917 |$56,192 | |Cash Balance |$420,252 |$467,170 |$523,361 | Chart: Cash [pic] 8.6 Projected Balance Sheet [Company Name]’s net worth is $763,711, $799,746 and $842,583, for Year 1, Year 2 and Year 3, respectively. Table: Balance Sheet |Pro Forma Balance Sheet | | | | | | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |Assets | | | | | | | | | |Current Assets | | | | |Cash |$420,252 |$467,170 |$523,361 | |Inventory |$10,924 |$11,342 |$12,023 | |Other Current Assets |$30,950 |$30,950 |$30,950 | |Total Current Assets |$462,126 |$509,462 |$566,334 | | | | | | |Long-term Assets | | | | |Long-term Assets |$329,800 |$329,800 |$329,800 | |Accumulated Depreciation |$12,045 |$25,188 |$38,331 | |Total Long-term Assets |$317,755 |$304,612 |$291,469 | |Total Assets |$779,881 |$814,074 |$857,803 | | | | | | Table: Balance Sheet (Continued) |Liabilities and Capital | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | | | | | | |Current Liabilities | | | | |Accounts Payable |$16,170 |$14,328 |$15,219 | |Current Borrowing |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Other Current Liabilities |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Subtotal Current Liabilities |$16,170 |$14,328 |$15,219 | | | | | | |Long-term Liabilities |$0 |$0 |$0 | |Total Liabilities |$16,170 |$14,328 |$15,219 | | | | | | |Paid-in Capital |$752,050 |$752,050 |$752,050 | |Retained Earnings |($15,300) |$11,661 |$47,696 | |Earnings |$26,961 |$36,035 |$42,838 | |Total Capital |$763,711 |$799,746 |$842,583 | |Total Liabilities and Capital |$779,881 |$814,074 |$857,803 | | | | | | |Net Worth |$763,711 |$799,746 |$842,583 | 8.7 Business Ratios The table below presents ratios from the full-service restaurant markets as a reference. Table: Ratios |Ratio Analysis | | | | | | | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |Industry Profile | |Sales Growth |n.a. |6.00% |6.00% |1.65% | | | | | | | |Percent of Total Assets | | | | | |Inventory |1.40% |1.39% |1.40% |6.34% | |Other Current Assets |3.97% |3.80% |3.61% |43.25% | |Total Current Assets |59.26% |62.58% |66.02% |53.12% | |Long-term Assets |40.74% |37.42% |33.98% |46.88% | |Total Assets |100.00% |100.00% |100.00% |100.00% | | | | | | | |Current Liabilities |2.07% |1.76% |1.77% |25.40% | |Long-term Liabilities |0.00% |0.00% |0.00% |73.91% | |Total Liabilities |2.07% |1.76% |1.77% |99.31% | |Net Worth |97.93% |98.24% |98.23% |0.69% | | | | | | | |Percent of Sales | | | | | |Sales |100.00% |100.00% |100.00% |100.00% | |Gross Margin |66.59% |66.59% |66.59% |58.06% | |Selling, General & Administrative Expenses |57.75% |55.44% |54.08% |23.02% | |Advertising Expenses |2.05% |1.99% |1.94% |1.74% | |Profit Before Interest and Taxes |12.64% |15.93% |17.87% |6.52% | | | | | | | |Main Ratios | | | | | |Current |28.58 |35.56 |37.21 |1.25 | |Quick |27.90 |34.77 |36.42 |1.00 | |Total Debt to Total Assets |2.07% |1.76% |1.77% |99.31% | |Pre-tax Return on Net Worth |5.04% |6.44% |7.26% |4325.19% | |Pre-tax Return on Assets |4.94% |6.32% |7.13% |29.65% | | | | | | | Table: Ratios (Continued) |Additional Ratios | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | | |Net Profit Margin |8.85% |11.15% |12.51% |n.a | |Return on Equity |3.53% |4.51% |5.08% |n.a | | | | | | | |Activity Ratios | | | | | |Inventory Turnover |10.09 |9.70 |9.79 |n.a | |Accounts Payable Turnover |9.44 |12.17 |12.17 |n.a | |Payment Days |27 |32 |29 |n.a | |Total Asset Turnover |0.39 |0.40 |0.40 |n.a | | | | | | | |Debt Ratios | | | | | |Debt to Net Worth |0.02 |0.02 |0.02 |n.a | |Current Lab. to Liab. |1.00 |1.00 |1.00 |n.a | | | | | | | |Liquidity Ratios | | | | | |Net Working Capital |$445,956 |$495,134 |$551,114 |n.a | |Interest Coverage |0.00 |0.00 |0.00 |n.a | | | | | | | |Additional Ratios | | | | | |Assets to Sales |2.56 |2.52 |2.50 |n.a | |Current Debt/Total Assets |2% |2% |2% |n.a | |Acid Test |27.90 |34.77 |36.42 |n.a | |Sales/Net Worth |0.40 |0.40 |0.41 |n.a | |Dividend Payout | 0.00 |0.00 |0.00 |n.a | Table: Sales Forecast Sales Forecast Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12SalesFood$19,346 $19,733 $20,128 $20,531 $20,942 $21,361 $21,788 $22,224 $22,668 $23,121 $23,583 $24,055 Dining Beverage$1,000 $1,102 $1,124 $1,146 $1,169 $1,192 $1,216 $1,240 $1,265 $1,290 $1,316 $1,340 Bar Beverage$2,306 $2,352 $2,399 $2,447 $2,496 $2,546 $2,597 $2,649 $2,702 $2,756 $2,811 $2,867 Total Sales$22,652 $23,187 $23,651 $24,124 $24,607 $25,099 $25,601 $26,113 $26,635 $27,167 $27,710 $28,262 Direct Cost of Sales Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12Food$5,705 $5,990 $6,290 $6,604 $6,934 $7,281 $7,645 $8,027 $8,428 $8,849 $9,291 $9,756 Dining Beverage$102 $105 $108 $111 $114 $117 $121 $125 $129 $133 $136 $139 Bar Beverage$602 $639 $664 $697 $732 $769 $807 $847 $889 $933 $980 $1,029 Subtotal Direct Cost of Sales$6,409 $6,734 $7,062 $7,412 $7,780 $8,167 $8,573 $8,999 $9,446 $9,915 $10,407 $10,924  Table: Personnel Personnel Plan Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12Owner/Manager$2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 Head Cook$1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 $1,400 Asst. Cook$648 $648 $648 $648 $648 $648 $648 $648 $648 $648 $648 $648 Head Waiter$1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 $1,015 Waiters$1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 $1,090 Bartenders$696 $696 $696 $696 $696 $696 $696 $696 $696 $696 $696 $696 Dishwashers$522 $522 $522 $522 $522 $522 $522 $522 $522 $522 $522 $522 Total People14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Total Payroll$8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171  Table: Profit and Loss Pro Forma Profit and Loss Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12Sales$22,652 $23,187 $23,651 $24,124 $24,607 $25,099 $25,601 $26,113 $26,635 $27,167 $27,710 $28,262 Direct Cost of Sales$6,409 $6,734 $7,062 $7,412 $7,780 $8,167 $8,573 $8,999 $9,446 $9,915 $10,407 $10,924 Other Costs of Sales$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total Cost of Sales$6,409 $6,734 $7,062 $7,412 $7,780 $8,167 $8,573 $8,999 $9,446 $9,915 $10,407 $10,924 Gross Margin$16,243 $16,453 $16,589 $16,712 $16,827 $16,932 $17,028 $17,114 $17,189 $17,252 $17,303 $17,338 Gross Margin %71.71% 70.96% 70.14% 69.28% 68.38% 67.46% 66.51% 65.54% 64.54% 63.50% 62.44% 61.35% ExpensesPayroll$8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 Market ing/Promotion$750 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 Depreciation$0 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 $1,095 Supplies$50 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 Utilities$700 $700 $700 $700 $700 $700 $700 $700 $700 $700 $700 $700 Insurance$417 $417 $417 $417 $417 $417 $417 $417 $417 $417 $417 $417 Maintenance$100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 Office Expense$150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 Payroll Taxes10% $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 $817 Phone/TV/Internet$150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 $150 Propane$1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 Property Tax$209 $209 $209 $209 $209 $209 $209 $209 $209 $209 $209 $209 Acct & Lega l$5,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total Operating Expenses$17,514 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 $13,359 Profit Before Interest and Taxes($1,271)$3,094 $3,230 $3,353 $3,468 $3,573 $3,669 $3,755 $3,830 $3,893 $3,944 $3,979 EBITDA($1,271)$4,189 $4,325 $4,448 $4,563 $4,668 $4,764 $4,850 $4,925 $4,988 $5,039 $5,074  Interest Expense$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0  Taxes Incurred($381)$928 $969 $1,006 $1,040 $1,072 $1,101 $1,126 $1,149 $1,168 $1,183 $1,194 Net Profit($890)$2,166 $2,261 $2,347 $2,428 $2,501 $2,568 $2,628 $2,681 $2,725 $2,761 $2,785 Net Profit/Sales-3.93% 9.34% 9.56% 9.73% 9.87% 9.96% 10.03% 10.07% 10.07% 10.03% 9.96% 9.86% Table: Cash Flow Pro Forma Cash Flow Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12Cash ReceivedCash from OperationsCash Sales$22,652 $23,187 $23,651 $24,124 $24,607 $25,099 $25,601 $26,113 $26,635 $27,167 $27,710 $28,262 Subtotal Cash from Operations$22,652 $23,187 $23,651 $24,124 $24,607 $25,099 $25,601 $26,113 $26,635 $27,167 $27,710 $28,262 Additional Cash ReceivedSales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received0.00% $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 New Current Borrowing$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 New Other Liabilities (interest-free)$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 New Long-term Liabilities$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Sales of Other Current Assets$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Sales of Long-term Assets$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 New Investment Received$350,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash Received$372,652 $23,187 $23,651 $24,124 $24,607 $25,099 $25,601 $26,113 $26,635 $27,167 $27,710 $28,262 Table: Cash Flow (Continued) Expenditures Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12Expenditures from OperationsCash Spending$8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 $8,171 Bill Payments$299 $8,830 $5,065 $6,547 $12,875 $13,296 $13,734 $14,188 $14,661 $15,152 $15,663 $16,194 Subtotal Spent on Operations$8,470 $17,001 $13,236 $14,718 $21,046 $21,467 $21,905 $22,359 $22,832 $23,323 $23,834 $24,365 Additional Cash SpentSales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Other Liabilities Principal Repayment$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Purchase Other Current Assets$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Purchase Long-term Assets$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Dividends$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash Spent$8,470 $17,001 $13,236 $14,718 $21,046 $21,467 $21,905 $22,359 $22,832 $23,323 $23,834 $24,365 Net Cash Flow$364,182 $6,186 $10,415 $9,406 $3,561 $3,632 $3,696 $3,754 $3,803 $3,844 $3,876 $3,897 Cash Balance$364,182 $370,368 $380,783 $390,189 $393,750 $397,382 $401,078 $404,832 $408,635 $412,479 $416,355 $420,252 Table: Balance Sheet Pro Forma Balance Sheet Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12AssetsStarting BalancesCurrent AssetsCash$0 $364,182 $370,368 $380,783 $390,189 $393,750 $397,382 $401,078 $404,832 $408,635 $412,479 $416,355 $420,252 Inventory$26,000 $19,591 $12,857 $7,062 $7,412 $7,780 $8,167 $8,573 $8,999 $9,446 $9,915 $10,407 $10,924 Other Current Assets$30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 $30,950 Total Current Assets$56,950 $414,723 $414,175 $418,795 $428,551 $432,480 $436,499 $440,601 $444,781 $449,031 $453,344 $457,712 $462,126 Long-term AssetsLong-term Assets$329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 $329,800 Accumulated Depreciati on$0 $0 $1,095 $2,190 $3,285 $4,380 $5,475 $6,570 $7,665 $8,760 $9,855 $10,950 $12,045 Total Long-term Assets$329,800 $329,800 $328,705 $327,610 $326,515 $325,420 $324,325 $323,230 $322,135 $321,040 $319,945 $318,850 $317,755 Total Assets$386,750 $744,523 $742,880 $746,405 $755,066 $757,900 $760,824 $763,831 $766,916 $770,071 $773,289 $776,562 $779,881 Table: Balance Sheet (Continued) Liabilities and Capital Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12Current LiabilitiesAccounts Payable$0 $8,663 $4,854 $6,118 $12,432 $12,839 $13,262 $13,700 $14,156 $14,631 $15,123 $15,636 $16,170 Current Borrowing$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Other Current Liabilities$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Current Liabilities$0 $8,663 $4,854 $6,118 $12,432 $12,839 $13,262 $13,700 $14,156 $14,631 $15,123 $15,636 $16,170 Long-term Liabilities$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total Liabilities$0 $8,663 $4,854 $6,118 $12,432 $12,839 $13,262 $13,700 $14,156 $14,631 $15,123 $15,636 $16,170 Paid-in Capital$402,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 $752,050 Retained Earning s($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)($15,300)Earnings$0 ($890)$1,276 $3,537 $5,884 $8,311 $10,812 $13,381 $16,009 $18,690 $21,415 $24,176 $26,961 Total Capital$386,750 $735,860 $738,026 $740,287 $742,634 $745,061 $747,562 $750,131 $752,759 $755,440 $758,165 $760,926 $763,711 Total Liabilities and Capital$386,750 $744,523 $742,880 $746,405 $755,066 $757,900 $760,824 $763,831 $766,916 $770,071 $773,289 $776,562 $779,881 Net Worth$386,750 $735,860 $738,026 $740,287 $742,634 $745,061 $747,562 $750,131 $752,759 $755,440 $758,165 $760,926 $763,711  INFORMATION AND FORMS ARE PROVIDED â€Å"AS IS† WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF ANY KIND INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF 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This template form allows a business to outline the company’s objectives and detail both current company information as well as any past performance. Companies should include a complete market analysis in their plan to help showcase why their business strategy will be effective in the market. Future company plans, including production targets, management strategy, and financial forecasting, should be used to demonstrate and confirm that the company’s short-term and long-term objective can and will be met. This model plan can be customized to best fit the unique needs of any entrepreneur or owner that is seeking to create a strong business plan. Business Plan for Restaurant Bar and Grill This Business Plan for a Bar and Grill Restaurant allows entrepreneurs or business owners to create a comprehensive and professional business plan. This template form allows a business to outline the company?s objectives and detail both curren[pic][?]

Constellation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constellation - Assignment Example This constellation is best visible at night during the month of November (Sasaki 94). Astrologists have established that the Sun moves through the Pieces region from March 15th to April 14th (Sasaki 94). Only faint stars that appear as small circlets connected together by a string are observed in the area occupied by Pisces. The brightest star in this Pisces constellation is eta Piscium. It is a giant star accompanied by other faint stars. Its luminosity is 316 times that of the sun (Sasaki 96). It is then followed by the following stars in sequence: gamma Piscium, alpha Piscium or Alrescha, omega Piscium, iota Piscium, and beta Piscium (Sasaki 96). The other interesting stars found in this constellation include Van Maanen’s Star and Messier 74 (NGC 628). Pisces constellation was first identified by Greek astronomer, Ptolemy, in the 2nd Century. Pisces is a Latin word for â€Å"fish† (plural) (Sasaki 94). In the sky, it appears as two fishes swimming in opposite directions and connected at the tails by a piece of string. In Greek mythology, Pisces is likened to the fish into which goddess Aphrodite and her son Eros, transformed into while escaping from the monster Typhon (Sasaki 94). Typhon was born from Tartarus and Gaia (Mother Earth). It was Gaia’s youngest offspring and the most mortal and largest monster ever. It was so fearsome that even other gods such as Olympus, who flee to Egypt, were afraid to fight it in battles. Eros and Aphrodite transformed into fishes, and swam up the Nile while fleeing from Typhon and Zeus transformed into a ram while escaping from Typhon (Sasaki 96). Typhon captured Zeus, who was later released by Pan and Hermes. Zeus then took a war to Typhon and chased him to Sicily. In Sicily, Zeus threw Mount Aetna at Typhon, finally subduing it (Sasaki 96). It was eventually defeated. Aphrodite and Eros were given fish-like images in the heavens to commemorate the period Typhon nearly overthrew Olympus. There are a number of

Homeless Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homeless - Assignment Example Homeless population experiences enormous challenges in both access and care relative to utilization of health care. Paraphrasing and citing is an exciting experience, but one that is characterized by a number of challenges. One of the critical challenges is trying to merge the author’s point of view with personal understanding of the text. The paraphrase must be consistent with the information that the author is trying to relay. Another challenge is expressing what is understood from the text without losing the intended meaning of presented theories and concepts. The articulation of these aspects and subsequently citing them constitutes the highlighted challenges. To overcome the above challenges, it is important that one reads and understands the text before paraphrasing and citing the text. Doing so will ensure that the most critical points are captured and cited appropriately. Taking some time to view text reviews and use of text information in other sources can effectively aid and enhance the paraphrasing and citing experience. Consequently, the underlying challenges are

Air Legislation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Air Legislation - Assignment Example This balance is what constitutes lateral balance and longitudinal balance and makes the center of gravity an important aspect in aircraft stability because the weight of the left is equal to the weight constituted on the right which could be upset by unbalanced lateral loading. Lateral unbalance will then result if the fuel load is mismanaged by supplying the engines unequally from tanks situated on one side of the airplane. Eventually, the airplane controls in an out-of-streamline condition, increasing drag and resulting in decreased operating efficiency (Ethirajan, 2013 p.35). the center of gravity position influences both the tip over and tip back susceptibility of the aircraft. The tip back situation is static on the ground during loading or dynamic during take-off acceleration with full thrust setting. The center of gravity’s horizontal position greatly affects the stability of the wing which results in the static stability of the entire aircraft. Suppose the center of gravity is sufficiently forward the aerodynamic center the aircraft becomes statically stable. If the center of the aircraft is moved towards the tail sufficiently, that is the neutral point, where the moment curve becomes horizontal the aircraft becomes neutrally stable. In any case the center of gravity is moved further back, the moment curve has a positive slope making the aircraft longitudinally stable. Similarly, when the center of gravity is forward toward the nose of the plane, the pilot is put at a place in which he does not the capability to generate the force that can he lp in achieving maximum coefficient of lift (Ethirajan , 2013 p.45). Take off is that point at which an aircraft leaves the ground and starts flying. Aircraft that is overloaded may not be able to take off but just in case it does, it could exhibit some airborne characteristics. Incidences of poor loading will always be witnessed during

Salt lake city Airport should not set the indoor smoking area Essay

Salt lake city Airport should not set the indoor smoking area - Essay Example It is even more ironic to note that the tobacco industry is poised to help the airport management setup more indoor smoking areas through an array of architecture and deigning affiliated fronts, maintained and funded by it (ANRF 2). This is indeed a cause of immense concerns for the common citizens, as well as for the parents and their children. The maintenance and permission of indoor smoking areas in a way encourages the unhealthy addiction of smoking. Therefore, not only the indoor smoking areas should be dismantled and discouraged in a public place like Salt Lake City Airport, but parents and concerned citizens should also submit petitions to the airport management, so as to dissuade them from setting the indoor smoking areas. Many experts tend to put forward the assertion that though smoking is a bad habit, adult smokers should be allowed to continue with such habit if they feel like or are convinced about doing so. Well, that may sound very democratic, but then one may say that people should be allowed to harm themselves if they are convinced about doing so. The fact is that smoking is a known and verified cause of an array of diseases and therefore it should be assertively discouraged at public places, and more so at places like airports (Grinberg 1). Smoking is something that is not only hazardous for the smokers using the indoor smoking areas, but it is also definitely harmful for the people moving around those areas. Indoor smoking areas are really as bad as the non-smoking areas at the restaurants, because no matter whatever precautions are taken or what ventilation devices are installed in an indoor smoking area, some secondhand smoke is bound to seep into the non-smoking areas at the airports (Gr inberg 1). Moreover, indoor smoking areas set at the Salt Lake City Airport send a message to the smokers that smoking is a permissible thing and it is all

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example A result oriented treatment plan consists of: â€Å"screening, assessment, treatment and aftercare protocol† (NASW, 2008). However, public demand for a tough retributive approach to juvenile crime such as the fatal shooting tragedies in schools, can compel the use of high levels of punishment by the justice system, thus undermining the possibilities of improvement in the youth’s delinquency conditions. In contrast to the punitive or correctional approach, treatment programs help offenders to understand the root causes of their misconduct, experience the rewards of positive or prosocial behavior, and assist youth in re-integrating into the family, school and community. Research reveals that recidivism or relapse rates among those delinquent youth who received some type of treatment was found to be 25% less than among untreated control groups. Further, evidence-based best treatment programs reduce recidivism to an extent of 80% (Gendreau & Goggin: 1). Since juvenile offenders are not identical to one another, individualized treatment for each young person works most effectively when certain common features essential for success of treatment programs are included. Behavior modification techniques for improving interpersonal and basic social skills, self-control, anger management, and resistance to substance abuse have been found to reduce recidivism or relapse by as much as 50%. Behavioral modification techniques punish negative behaviors similar to the correctional model, but also reward positive behaviors (Abrams et al: 9). Those treatments which involve longer contact hours with the emotionally disturbed youth achieve better results, and in institutional settings, treatments given by mental health professionals reveal improved outcomes as compared to interventions by corrections staff. Further, individual counseling that directly addresses behavior,

How is the Future portrayed in the novels, WE by Zamyatin and 1984 by Research Paper

How is the Future portrayed in the novels, WE by Zamyatin and 1984 by Orwell And What do the authors warn us against - Research Paper Example well and Zamyatin didnt actually believe was going to happen, but they both feared that the societies of the world would be going down those roads, so they wrote their dystopian novels about this. There are a variety of things that Orwell was warning us in his novel, and these themes are reflected in We. One is that there should not be a country that is too powerful, because that reduces the freedom of the citizenry. Related to this is the warning about tyranny – if the government is too powerful, then it represses its citizens. Repression and censorship, which comes when a government is tyrannical, is another warning that Orwell sounds, and, with this, comes sexual repression. This essay will be structured in the following ways – first, the concept that a government may become too powerful will be examined, by looking at how this is portrayed in each of the novels. This really is the central tenet of each of the novels, because a government that is too powerful is one that will react like the governments do in each of these novels. First, Orwell seems to be cautioning against the idea that any one country could become too powerful. The slogan in the future was â€Å"War is Peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength† (Orwell 26). The implication in the novel is that there are three super states that are at perpetual war with one another (Williams 12). That said, although some might misinterpret the novel as being against socialism or communism, in that, during this period of time, the Soviet Union was still a super power, therefore could be construed as being one of the superstates in the novel, Williams (12) states that this was not what was intended – rather, he did intend this to be an attack on a centralised economy in general. It was a full perversion of the centralised government that went beyond what was happening in the Soviet Union during this time. As with everything else in this novel, he took the concept of centralised government to the

Internet Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internet Marketing - Term Paper Example Internet marketing/web marketing/online marketing has achieved great significance at this technology and competition based age because it offers faster and fruitful approaches of marketing for a variety of business products and services through online marketing tools. In this scenario, social network marketing, search engine marketing, and internet based blogging techniques are some of its imperative practices which are expertly adopted by a lot of corporations all over the world. Certainly internet marketing or web marketing charisma has improved over the previous few years because it offers widespread value added services to its clients and affiliates across the globe. Additionally, this medium of marketing is considered as inexpensive, convenient and quickest as compared to other customary or traditional marketing approaches. In the same way, through the internet marketing companies are able to interact profitably with its consumers and capable to attain instant response from thei r customers. Hence by making use of this method organizations can avail an opportunity to adeptly provide their services to the clients and customers in an improved manner (Sytematic Direct Marketing, 2011), (Articles Max, 2011) and (LinkedIn Corporation, 2011).Influence of Internet Marketing Policy. The optimistic influence of Internet marketing policies has definitely boosted through the progress and impact of the Web technology on various domains. At present, well established companies.... d great significance at this technology and competition based age because it offers faster and fruitful approaches of marketing for a variety of business products and services through online marketing tools. In this scenario, social network marketing, search engine marketing, and internet based blogging techniques are some of its imperative practices which are expertly adopted by a lot of corporations all over the world. Certainly internet marketing or web marketing charisma has improved over the previous few years because it offers widespread value added services to its clients and affiliates across the globe. Additionally, this medium of marketing is considered as inexpensive, convenient and quickest as compared to other customary or traditional marketing approaches. In the same way, through the internet marketing companies are able to interact profitably with its consumers and capable to attain instant response from their customers. Hence by making use of this method organizations can avail an opportunity to adeptly provide their services to the clients and customers in an improved manner (Sytematic Direct Marketing, 2011), (Articles Max, 2011) and (LinkedIn Corporation, 2011). Influence of Internet Marketing Policy The optimistic influence of Internet marketing policies has definitely boosted through the progress and impact of the Web technology on various domains. At present, well established companies are being motivated through internet space and seek to apply online marketing plans to adeptly boost business communication traffic on the way to their corporate website home-page holding corporate imperative information as well as provide detailed overview of business products and services. Internet marketing technique promotes advertisement to regular users plus

NWICO An International Debate on Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NWICO An International Debate on Culture - Essay Example (Kirkpatrick, 2004. p 235 - 240) In this context, it has been held by people from various quarters that the Third World has been widely ignored on many counts that will be discussed through this essay. The West has been criticised for cultural domination in the operating values of the NWICO. This is a fact that comes across in role played by the U.S. when it comes to the creation and reproduction of this worldwide consumer society. This role might have reduced in significance, but there is still a strong American upper hand in the complementary institutions and the content that is transmitted. In terms of assessing the NWICO's stand regarding the third world criticisms of the cultural domination of the west, this essay tries to look at the justifications for such claims. Through a study of various examples from different areas, I will seek to discuss the options available to study and combat the disbursement of unequal information flow in terms of the results it reaps and the events it triggers. This paper will thus aim at an analysis of the conception of the Western strategy that is targeting the third world nations by giving them "false consolation". ... Origin of the Debate The debate revolving around unequal information flow in different corners of the globe first began in the 1970s. This was an overthrow of the demands by the Third World leaders for a New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). At that time, these people tried to argue their case by stating that the control of major international information channels and sources is held tightly by the West and its media owing to which the rest of the world ends up being showcased along a disadvantageous line. (Reeves, 1993. p 25 to 44) With the concept of "de facto hegemony", the Tunisian Information Minister Mustapha Masmoudi based demands on the claims that West was ignorant of the aspirations and sentiments that shaped the events and trends in the developing world which led to transmission of information regarding any and every events in a way where emphasis was on the West. This resulted in the McBride Commission which laid down that each nation must have a platform to express itself in terms of relevant transmission of its interests, values and events, so as to command equal respect from all quarters. Therefore, it acknowledged the fact that the West and its monopoly over communication, paid attention only to the political instability and economic backwardness of the Third World. (Reeves, 1993. p 56 to 70) In response, Margaret Thatcher and Ronal Reagan led an attack on the possible reforms for international information flow models with the claim that the third world was simply a throw back on the Soviet syndrome. The fall of the Soviet Union led to a death of the debate. Finally in 1996, information ministers of several non-aligned nations were seen

Writing the Writer’s Problem Essay Example for Free

Writing the Writer’s Problem Essay Writing is a passion. Everyone can write but only few people can write well enough for other people to understand. Writing has never been an easy task, job or hobby; it requires attention and broad understanding of the things around you. Language is the first to be considered in writing, how a person will be able to talk to his or her readers and what shall the writer to use. Whatever the reason for writing is, culture and the environment of the writer affect any output he or she produces. In this case, differences in language and in rearing make them different and sometimes, people were unable to understand them. There are certain things that are considered first in writing and when you are in an American school or any English Speaking School, the language used could affect you as a writer especially if your were never a native English speaker. However, writing in English or being fluent in English depends on the nature of the person. Thus, those who came from a different place, foreign student as we call them, and took a chance to enter a world different from theirs, commonly experience language barriers in the sense that they may have used a different language since birth or they have a different tone. Hence, they experience problems in communicating with the people around them in English language, may it be in papers submitted in school or outside school, in conversing with other people, their peers and their classmates. Reflections Using the guides given by the instructor it seems to be so easy at first to analyze one’s self regarding writing concerns. However, this task is a big thing and involves severe reflection and analysis of the real issue. Hence, the following entries are reflections over the guidelines and question given the instructor which would most probably help in knowing one’s self. There are three exercises to be answered and they are in the form of an essay. Exercise 5B: Reflecting on Your Own Writing Concerns Criticizing personal works is not bad at all. It only allows us to have rooms for improvement and a better writing skill. Perhaps it is better to do such reflection over personal works more often than to be too sensitive of the critics. Considering my performance over the past years, it seems that I had been dealing with a better writing skills compared to others. The upbringing I had and the way I use the language allows me to write a better paper and how I was able to communicate with others, may it be through the web or in person. Personally, there are no problems since I can observe no rules in writing but when it comes to professional and academic concerns, it seems that I have to be more careful since there are rules to be followed. However, as a writer, I believe I do not have many problems except of having errors in grammar and thoughts but aside from those, nothing else follows. Moreover, as a writer, my problems in writing allowed me to become emotional sometimes and when it comes to critics over my professional and academic writings, I somehow lose confidence but reflecting upon it at this time, it seems that it is better not to take it personally because critics were made for your own development. On the other hand, it is not hard for me also to relate with those writers who uses English as second language. Like them, I have criticism also and that people, instructors and peers say different things about my writings which I believed were also experienced by writers who use English as second language. However, when it comes to writing anxieties, I believe I do not share the same frustrations since English is not my second language and I had been fluent for a long time already. But regarding struggles in starting an assignment seems to be a common problem among students because that is a common though and it is hard to make a or write a paper without an issue in mind but this one I think I was able to conquer already along with the problem in language. Exercise 5A: Reflecting on Writers’ Concerns Regarding the mock requests, I believe there is nothing personal and so meeting the students face to face would be better. In this case, there will be enough attention and the focus of both the student and me will be at one point, sharing the same point of view and focal point. Hence, it will be easy for the two of us to exchange ideas and opinion which will be very helpful not only to the students but also with me. If we happen to see face to face, perhaps the students will confess about their problems in writing and the language which prohibits them to continuous write down their thoughts and opinions. It is a common problem and though they are frustrated already, they will and eagerness to learn more and to work on with they writing skills allows them to deal with their frustration. In this case, the students were benefiting in such tutorials because they are given the chance to be heard and then to learn also. In some point, there are no reasons why language used in writing will not be tackled over mock requests. It seems that it is one of the main reasons why such things happen and it is focused mainly on improving the students and not into insulting them. Addressing such problems are common already that it will be helpful for the students if they will take constructively and not focusing on the emotional torture it may give them. The advises I gave seems to be helpful to them due to the fact that they really have improvements and that they do understand the importance of knowing English and learning how to fluently write in English since they are presently in an English Country wherein there is a Standard Academic English. Exercise 5c: Reflecting on Tutoring Techniques Considering the revision of the advices I gave to the students, it seems that it still have to revise other things and that the once I shared must be given in full detail and not in a short talk only. First and foremost, I have to be sure that the students understand what I was trying to say and have an idea of what is really happening which means that full attention must be give. Also the student must be oriented with culture and the differences since it is one part of the cultivation of the writer’s thoughts and skills. Furthermore, clearing issues about culture will allow them to have ideas in the world of writing such as plagiarism and to give them ideas about the proper style to be used when writing for academic papers under the Standard American English. Hence, with all of these things cleared to the student, he or she will be able to write better and soon learn more about and learn to adapt with the changes. Works Cited Module 4: Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in the Writing Center

Pakistani Community In Britain Sociology Essay

Pakistani Community In Britain Sociology Essay Ali (1982) Pakistanis main concentration is in U.K. where they began in the early 20th century as sailors in the Merchant Navy and soldiers in the British army. They had an opportunity to migrate in large numbers following the economic expansion and shortage of labour resulting from the two world wars. However, their migration did not have a set pattern up until the last half of the 1950s. (p. 5-7) Post world war two migration to Britain from the Asian subcontinent was based on imperial ties and largely driven by economic imperatives. Rebuilding post war economy entailed a demand for labour that could not be satisfied by the British population itself. After 1945, virtually all countries in Western Europe began to attract significant numbers of workers from abroad and by the late 1960s they mostly came from developing countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East (Massey, D. et.al , 1993, p. 431). Islam in the UK has a South Asian character. The largest number of Muslims originates from Pakistan (Samad Sen, p.43). Further to this, the largest group of Muslims from the Indian subcontinent have come from Pakistan, both West and East (Ibid.) In Pakistan, major impetuses to emigrate came from the poorer agricultural areas of the Mirpuri district in southern Kashmir and the Cambellpur district of the north-eastern Punjab. Smaller numbers left from the North-west Fron tier Province next to the Afghani border. In the case of Mirpur, a further factor was the disruption caused by the Mangla Dam project which started in 1960, and was ultimately to flood about 250 villages. In East Pakistan, which was later to become Bangladesh, the two main sources of immigration were in the Sylhet district in the north-east and the maritime region around Chittagong. Due to the struggles of a newly developed state and poverty, many Pakistanis took the opportunity to come and work in Britain. (Neilsen, 2004, p. 41) Before 1962, Pakistanis were British subjects (under the 1948 British Nationality Act) and could enter Britain without restriction. There was a dramatic increase in the rate of immigration just before the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962  [1]  was passed. Before the act of 1962 was passed about fifty thousand people entered Britain within 18 months, in comparison the 17,000 who entered between 1955 and 1960 (Shaw, 1998: 25). The threat of Britains immigration controls also coincided with a change in the Pakistani Governments policy on immigration. In 1961, when the 1962 Common wealth Act was imminent, Pakistani government withdrew restrictions on immigration and promoted the migration of 5,000 people in a move to compensate Mirpuri villagers who had been dispossessed of land by the construction of the dam (Shaw, 1998: 25). Until the beginning of the 1960s, entry into the UK by the citizens of British colonies and member countries of the Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962, introduced restrictions on immigration to the UK. Although it was intended to discourage Pakistanis and people from Commonwealth countries from migrating to the country, it turned out to have the opposite effect. The unintended effect of the 1971 Immigration Act  [2]  was that a significant number of Pakistanis and from the other countries entered the UK to beat the ban (Shaw, 1994, as quoted in Samad Sen, 2007, p. 28). 1970s family reunification marked a turning point for the establishment of Islam in Europe. Along with emergence of community through family reunification, some of the conventional norms rooted in social relations, through the practice of Islam began to emerge (Ibid., p.38) These labour migrants despite their social origins and qualification levels were largely confined to low-paid manual work and faces racial discrimination when being recruited for jobs (Modood, 2005, p. 60). In the 1970s Ethnic minorities were branded as scroungers and the threat of overcrowding was becoming a grave concern. Enoch Powell, in 1967, openly advocated a policy of repatriation where he argued not for migrants; families to be reunited in Britain but rather that migrants should be returned home and reunited with families over there (Jones and Wellhengama, 2000: 16). Further to this, by emphasising that Britishness comprises common biological roots, a common language and an allegiance to the Crown; parliamentarians easily excluded certain migrants (Ibid, p. 31). With the consequences of state led policies of migration, and arrival and settlement of a growing Pakistani community, emerged socio-economic problems that this new community had to face. The next part of the essay will discuss the various ways in which the British Pakistanis are disadvantaged and ways in which they responded to the underlying and changing political, social and economic conditions in Britain. While the disadvantage of Pakistanis actually predates the rise of anti-Muslim prejudice, the latter threatens to exacerbate the former and to prevent the formation of goodwill required to act against the chronic disadvantage of Pakistanis in Britain. (Modood, 2005, p. 80) As the Labour force survey (Spring, 2000 as quoted in Saman Sen, p. 45) illustrates, Pakistanis are two and a half times more likely than the white population to be unemployed and nearly three times more likely to be in low-paid jobs. According to Cessari (p. 58) the socio-economic marginality of Pakistanis is most often accompanied by residential segregation. She argues that the data from the British census show that Pakistani immigrants tend to live in the most dilapidated or unhealthy housing conditions. Chain migration processes have a strong influence on locating minorities in clusters. Hostility from the society within which the settlement takes place can reduce the ability of the group to disperse and defence may be an important element in clustering. There are both positive and negative reasons for clustering in most ethnic clustering patterns and, given their simultaneous presence in many situations, it is difficult to disentangle dominant from recessive factors. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that not all segregation results from negative factors such as white racism (Peach, 1996, p. 228) Rex and Moore (1967) demonstrated high levels of discrimination against immigrants, particularly against Pakistanis, in their field area of Sparkbrook in Birmingham. They showed high concentrations of Pakistans in their lowest housing class, the rooming house. Work by Dahya (1974), on the other hand, argued that Pakistani concentration in multi-occupied accommodation was a preferred, not an enforced, strategy. He argued that chain migration by village and family, the desire to maximize savings, shared language and religion, culinary needs and so forth all argued in favour of sharing accommodation. Thus, although discrimination existed, it was not material to the patterns of concentration that arose. Many of the early Pakistani migrants to Britain have been the most reluctant to attach a British identity to themselves. With the effects of globalisation, Pakistanis are also worried about losing their traditions, customs and values and hence hold onto the security of their close knit society with a hesitance in accepting anything British; (Jacobson, 1997, 185). Pakistani British Muslims have been vastly influenced by cultures and customs emanating from the subcontinent, and this will continue to happen for another generation or two. The context within which they practice their religion is after all, Pakistani one: not only because they younger generation learned about Islam from their Pakistani parents but also because Pakistanis are the dominant group within the local Muslim community. They are used to hearing Urdu spoken in mosque, eating Pakistani food and wearing Pakistani clothes at religious festivals, follow Pakistani customs at weddings and other religiousceremonies and abide by and rail against definitions of moral behaviour which have more to do with the norms of Pakistani village life. For them the interconnections between ethnic culture and religion are dense and intricate (Jacobson, J. 2003, p. 147) V.S. Khan (1979), writing on Mirpuris in Bradford, discusses the effect of migration on those arriving in Britain and ways in which this shapes their socio-cultural behavior. He maintains that the very means of coping with migration could lead to inherent stresses, in that the knowledge of traditional culture in the homeland, constant evaluation through the process of migration to Britain and prior expectations have a direct affect on the migrants life-style and values. The stressful experience of migration is alsoa crucial determinant of a migrants perception of his situation, and the actual options open to him. While many of the supportive institutions of village life buffer confrontation with the new and alien world in Britain, in the long term they not only restrict access to it, but also hinder the attainment of things valued (Ibid. p. 55) Werbner discusses similar factors: the social stresses experienced by Pakistani migrants in Britain derive from three main `arenas; the traditional culture and emigration area; the migration process; and settlement in the new environment and society (1990: 37). Her analysis however, presents a more positive view of the adaptability of Pakistanis to new circumstances, in particular to those concerning women, and regarding the expansion of kinship networks to inculcate friends and members of other sub-castes. (Imtiaz, 1997, p. 36) Significance of Bradford: The Bradford Metropolitan District is situated west of Leeds; north of the trans- Pennine highway. To the north and east lies North Yorkshire, with its manor houses, farms and cathedral cities, while to the west and north lies the Lake District. The city has been the centre of the wool trade since the 18th century and, until recently, wool dominated the local economy. Even the engineering and chemical industries were associated with the wool trade by supplying the needs of the textile industry. Throughout the 19th century it was mainly a working class city structured around a low wage economy. The global networks, stretching out to the colonies, in particular, were constructed around importing wool and reprocessing it for export. These networks persisted into the mid-twentieth century (Samad Eade, Community Laison Unit) Although Pakistani Muslims settled in various parts of the United Kingdom, Bradford still has one of the highest concentrations of Pakistani Muslims in the country (and more than any other Yorkshire and Humber region) (Din, 2006). Bradford is one of many towns and cities that have ethnically diverse populations in terms of religion as well such places as Tower Hamlets, Birmingham and Slough (National Census, 2001). The Bradford area also has one of the highest numbers of individuals who were born outside the European Union (National Census, 2001). The majority of Muslims in Bradford have roots in rural areas, with a large majority of Pakistanis from Mirpur in Azad Kashmir, a mountainous region and one of the least northern areas of Pakistan. This Pakistani community has a growing underclass with a significant section of young men under achieving in schools. They are generally characterised by low educational qualifications and occupational concentrations in restaurants and taxi driving. Along with low participation of women in the formal labour market and marriage at an early age, fewer years of education, lower educational skills and large average family and household size contributes to multiple deprivations (Lewis, 2007). Bradford has a rich religious, ethnic and cultural diversity. With a range of ethnic communities, it is predominantly Muslim (16.1 per cent) and largely of Pakistani origin with 14.5 percent of the total population of the city (National Statistics, 2003 as quoted in Gilligan, 2005). The Pakistani communities are very much concentrated in the inner wards of the city, where they tend to live amidst a relatively self-contained world of businesses and institutions, religious and cultural, which they have created to service, their specific needs (Lewis, 2002, p. 203.) Compared to other majority white communities, Bradfords Asian population is relatively young (National Statistics, 2003). They also tend to be located in areas facing relatively high levels of deprivation and disadvantage (DETR, 2000; Cantle, 2001; Denham, 2001 as quoted in Gilligan Akhtar, 2005). According to the Change Institutes report on the Pakistani Muslim Community in England, (2009) currently Bradford has the largest proportion of its total population (15%) identifying itself as of Pakistani origin in England. The report suggests that the latest estimates (from Bradford Metropolitan District Council) have indicated that the South Asian population has grown considerably over the last decade to 94,250, and that the people of Pakistani/Kashmiri origin number about 73,900. It further states that the South Asian population now represents about 19 per cent of the total population of Bradford and 16 per cent of Bradfords residents are Muslims, compared to the national average of 3 per cent. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis (young and old) have an attachment to Bradford. For many older Pakistanis, who arrived in the late 1950s and early 60s, Bradford is Mirpur is their home from home. For the young generations of Pakistanis it is their home (Din, 2006) Studies on Mirpuris: Much of the literature on Pakistanis in Britain, particularly from the late 1970s up to the late 1980s, tends to be based on studies of communities in particular towns, such as Anwar (1979) on Rochdale, Currer (1983) on Bradford, Jeffrey (1979) on Bristol, Shaw (1988) on Oxford, and Werbner (1985 1990) on Manchester. A number of studies have explored the extent of Asian (or Pakistani) migration and settlement across various geographical towns and cities (see Khan, 1974, 1979; Anwar, 1979; Shaw, 1988, 1994; Werbner, 1990). Some have had a particular focus on employment and housing issues (in particular Dahya, 1974; Werbner and Anwar, 1991; Anwar, 1991). Measuring the economic position of communities is easier to determine; what is more difficult is to examine the experiences and attitudes of young people towards their parents/elders; their community and the wider British society. There is an enormous amount of published work on the early immigrants (Rose et al, 1969; Dahya, 1974; Khan 1979). Rose et al (1969) is a good starting point for cultural studies relating to the Pakistani community. Rose explored issues such as the need to recruit labour immigrants to meet the needs of the British economy and the settlement process of the early immigrants in textile cities like Bradford. In addition he explored the problems encountered, such as obtaining suitable accommodation, access to public services, integration and the problems of adapting to a very different way of life. The experiences of families of early settlers joining their husbands in the United Kingdom have also, to an extent, been explored. This shows close-knit family ties which exist in Pakistani families, arranged marriages, biraderi and gender inequalities in Pakistani households (Khan, 1979). One of the earliest writers on Pakistanis in England is Dahya (1973 1974), who began his research in Birmingham and Bradford in 1956 and continued to publish into the 1980s. He remains amongst a hand full of researchers who have endeavoured to describe daily life amongst the single, male migrants and the control exercised over them by heads of families back in Pakistan. He clearly explained the nature of the links between the migrants in England and the social structures operating in Pakistan, based on the need for the migrant, whose family has sent him abroad in order for him to send back remittances and thus benefit not only immediate relatives but also the whole of the biraderi or kinship group. He concludes that: the Pakistani migrant community is in a very real sense a transitional society going through the phase of development from a rural to an urban industrial society (1973: p, 275). Today, with the constant movement between the villages of origin of Pakistani migrants and their places of inhabitancy in Britain, paving way for a constant, rapid social and economic change in both societies, his conclusion tends to be within a situational context of a time, when both were much more separate than they are today. Jamal (1998) carried out a research to explore food consumption experiences the British-Pakistanis in Bradford, UK and the ways the British Pakistanis perceive their food, and their perception of English food in the UK. He identified that the first generation of British-Pakistanis perceive their own food to be traditional, tasty but oily and problematic. Various English foods are perceived by them as foreign, bland, but nonetheless, healthy. The young generation of British-Pakistanis are increasingly consuming mainstream English foods while also consuming traditional Pakistani food. Rex and Moore (1967) demonstrated high levels of discrimination against immigrants, particularly against Pakistanis, in their field area of Sparkbrook in Birmingham. They showed high concentrations of Pakistans in their lowest housing class, the rooming house. Work by Dahya (1974), on the other hand, argued that Pakistani concentration in multi-occupied accommodation was a preferred, not an enforced, strategy. He argued that chain migration by village and family, the desire to maximize savings, shared language and religion, culinary needs and so forth all argued in favour of sharing accommodation. Thus, although discrimination existed, it was not material to the patterns of concentration that arose. According to the Labour force survey (Spring, 2000 as quoted in Saman Sen, p. 45), Pakistanis are two and a half times more likely than the white population to be unemployed and nearly three times more likely to be in low-paid jobs. According to Cessari (p. 58) the socio-economic marginality of Pakistanis is most often accompanied by residential segregation. She argues that the data from the British census show that Pakistani immigrants tend to live in the most dilapidated or unhealthy housing conditions. Another study of south Asian Muslims in Bradford by Khan (2009) refutes the commonly held belief that British Muslim alienation is an entirely Islamist narrative. In fact, the subjects of the study are alienated not only from British society but also from the cultural traditions and values of their own families. The author of the study was struck by their disconnected individualism and described them as libertines. This clearly contradicts the stereotype of Islamists radicalised by a hatred of Western society. Recent study by Bolgnani (2007) highlights forms of homeland attachment and analyses their significance among second- and third-generation British Pakistanis by comparison with the myth of return that characterised the early pioneer phase of Pakistani migration to Britain. He highlights that Homeland attachment for young British Pakistanis is constituted through school holidays spent in Pakistan, participation there in life-cycle rituals involving the wider kinship network, and the older generations promotion of the idea of Pakistan as a spiritual and cultural homeland. It further suggests that, for the pioneer generation, the myth of return justified a socio-economically motivated migration. He further argues that for the second and third generations, the homeland attachments and the idea of a possible return to Pakistan is a response to contemporary political tensions and Islamophobia. Therefore, he concludes that while myth of return still remains, for the majority, that myth has been revitalised and has a new political significance in the contemporary political context of British Pakistanis. However, another study of south Asian Muslims in Bradford by Khan (2009) refutes the commonly held belief that British Muslim alienation is an entirely Islamist narrative. In fact, the subjects of the study are alienated not only from British society but also from the cultural traditions and values of their own families. The author of the study was struck by their disconnected individualism and described them as libertines. This clearly contradicts the stereotype of Islamists radicalised by a hatred of Western society. Marriages: The governing principle of marital choice in any community is homogamy the selection of a partner from a similar social background shaped, for example, by race, class, ethnicity, religion, age and education, thus those who do not conform to these norms, in some circumstances, suffer sanctions, ranging from disapproval to ostracism (Bradford Commission Report 1996). For Pakistanis, the life-cycle with weddings, births and funerals is particularly lived in a shared way by the family extended and split over two continents, Europe and Asia. Adults make return trips for various reasons, but most centrally to arrange or perform a childs marriage (Ballard 1987, p. 21; Shaw 2001, p. 319-325). Among British Pakistanis marriage is not only within the same ethnic group, but consanguineous-arranged with relatives-according to clan as well as caste systems. In a complex context of ethnicity and caste, marriage is often seen as the chosen mechanism to consolidate biradari  [3]  loyalties. Furthermore, due to chain migration, stronger village and kin networks were created, that were later reinforced by transnational arranged marriages, often with cousins from the same area or village. Pakistanis, like many other groups, consider it an important parental responsibility to find spouses for their children. They prefer to select someone they know well, to be sure that he or she has the qualities they appreciate and will make a caring partner. However, Khan (1977) argues in his research that ethnic minorities such as Pakistanis, face two problems namely the limited availability of suitable persons in the restricted local community, and another the fact that their circle of acquaintance in the country of origin tends to shrink within the limits of the extended family. Therefore, for groups with a tradition of consanguineous marriage, it is only natural for the choice of partner to fall progressively closer within the family circle. This argument is supported by Rao Inbaraj (1979) who give evidence to support this view from South India, arguing that for South Asians monogamous, close consanguineous marriage has been practised for thousands of years. Moreover, Bano (1991) discussed the upward social mobility through the institution of marriage amongst British Pakistanis, which she sees as being marked in the Netherlands in comparison to Pakistan. She described the practice of cousin marriages explaining their common prevalence amongst relatively wealthy, rural, as well as landowning families. She then discusses the extension of cousin marriage (Ibid. p.15), proposing that it could include partners being chosen from distant family, or from the same religious tendency, or from the parents close business contacts. According to a research conducted by Overall and Nichols (2001), the U.K. Asian population, particularly within the Pakistani communities, tends to have high levels of consanguineous unions which are correlated with high rates of morbidity and mortality (Darr and Modell 1988; Terry et al. 1985; Bundey et al. 1991 as quoted in Overall Nickols, 2001). It is not unusual to observe a proportion of first-cousin marriages of around 50% (Darr and Modell 1988). Modood et al. argue that the Asian older generation prefers marriages to be arranged by families within the clan or extended family and that love marriages were not the most appropriate way of finding a life-partner. The most frequent argument supporting this view was that love marriages are equated with high levels of divorce. Arranged marriages are seen as diminishing the likelihood of divorce because the partners are chosen for their compatibility and suitable family backgrounds (Modood et al. 1997). According to most researchers there is a continuing prevalence for high rates of intercontinental and intra-caste marriages (over 50%) between British Pakistani spouses and brides or grooms in Pakistan (Charsley, 2003; Shaw, 2001). It is suggested that the pressure for such marriages is apparently exerted by close relatives in Pakistan who use marriage as a route for their children to migrate legally to Britain. According to recent research, however, the spouses marrying into Britain often suffer isolation, and have poor employment prospects (Charsley, 2003). Furthermore, most Pakistani children are compliant and agree, however reluctantly, to cousin and intercontinental marriages (Jacobson, 1998). The Home Office statistics show an influx of 15,000 prospective marriage partners (male and female) from the Indian sub-continent arriving in Britain in 2001 alone, the vast majority arranged by parents for their British-born children (Werbner, 2005). Charsley (2003) reports that, in 2000, there were 10,000 people both men and women, who married into Braitian. Werbner (2005) explains this phenomenon by arguing that Islam permits marriage with a wide range of close kin and affines, and according to recent researches, the majority of Pakistani marriages continue to take place within the biradari; a local agnatic lineage and, more widely, an ego-focused kindred of traceable affines and consanguineous kin. She argues that this notion of biradari helps mediate between kinship, locality and zat (caste), and that such biradaris are ranked and reflect class and caste status in the Pakistani society (Werbner, 2005). Darr and Modell (1988) conducted a research that carried inculcated an enquiry answered by 100 randomly selected British Pakistani mothers in the postnatal wards of two hospitals in West Yorkshire, Bradford, showed that 55 were married to their first cousins, while only 33 cases had individuals whether their mother had been married to her first cousin. Darr and Modell argued that there results indicated an increasing rate of consanguineous marriage in the relatively small group studied, contrasting with the decreasing rate which was observed in some other countries. They had enquired 900 women in hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan, in 1983 showing 36% first cousin marriages, 4% first cousin once removed, 8% second cousin, and 53% unrelated (of which 25% were in the Biraderi (same kinship). These figures are almost identical with those reported in Britain for the grand parental generation (who were married while they were in Pakistan), and supported their conclusion that the frequency of c lose consanguineous marriage was increasing among British Pakistanis (p. 189). According to another research by Modell (1991) both in Pakistan and the UK about 75% of marriages are between relatives, but the frequency of closely consanguineous marriage has increased with migration, about 55% of couples of reproductive age in England being married to a first cousin. In many cases the relationship is closer than first cousins because of previous consanguineous marriages in the family. The proportion of cousin marriages is likely to fall but the absolute number will increase, at least for the next generation, because the population is growing. According to the results of a study by Alam Husband (2006), Muslims comprise the UKs largest religious minority, and are the object of analysis and concern within various policy arenas and popular debates, including immigration, marriage and partner selection, social cohesion and integration. Their research analysed experiences and narratives from 25 men aged 16 to 38, their accounts shedding light on what it means to be a Bradfordian of Pakistani and Muslim heritage. It also highlighted the policy context surrounding the mens attitudes toward various facets of their lives, including marriage, family, work, the city in general, and the neighbourhood in which they lived. Alam Husband concluded that although there were some generational continuity of cultural values and norms, several significant changes were also simultaneously taking place. Shaw (2001) began his study by supposing that in the 1990s, forty years after Pakistani migration to Britain began, the rate of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis would show signs of decline, as the urbanized and British-educated descendants of pioneer immigrants adopt the values of many contemporary Westerners and reject arranged marriages. However, on the contrary based on the statistical data he gathered, he saw that Pakistani marriage patterns showed no such clear trend, and instead there was some evidence that, within certain groups of British Pakistanis, the rate of first-cousin marriage had increased rather than declined. The study offered an analysis and interpretation of a high rate of marriage to relatives, especially first cousins, in a sample of second-generation British Pakistanis. It argued that the high rate of such marriage is not a simple reflection of a cultural preference. The research also underlines the inadequacy of a blanket category Pakistani in relation to marriage patterns and choices. Shaw suggested that certain variations in region of origin, caste, socio-economic status, and upbringing must be considered in analysis in order to reveal the processes that have generated this pattern and allowed it to persist. Simpson (1997) claims that in Bradford 50 per cent of marriages are trans-continental, i.e. the partner sare from Pakistan. He has proposed two reasons that help explain the reasons for choosing partners from outside Britain, and has analysed the ways these reasons operate independently or may reinforce each other. Firstly, there is a cultural preference for consanguinity, usually marriage to a cousin, which is prevalent among the Pakistani community. As Sarah Bundey et al. (1990) showed in her research that 69 per cent of Birmingham Pakistani marriages are consanguineous and it is expected that if current researchers were carried out they will show similar levels in Bradford, considerably higher than in Pakistan itself. Simpson (1997) further argues that since emigration from Pakistan to Britain is usually seen as a positive achievement, marriage also functions specifically to fulfil a commitment to improve the family fortunes. He gives the second reason that many Muslim young peopl e in Bradford express a cultural preference for partners with traditional values and that sentiment is echoed by their parents who then arrange or help to arrange their marriage partners from Pakistan. Simpson nevertheless points out that, this trend should not be seen as simply a preference for subservient wives albeit this may be true for some. He further points out that there is qualitative evidence that some young Muslim women see men with traditional values from Pakistan as providing a more secure family future than the more liberal friends with whom they have grown up in Bradford. This Simpson points out may coincide both with the strong Muslim and the strong Pakistani identities that are noted among Bradford young women, based on researchers by Kim Knott and Sajda Khokher (1993) and by Kauser Mirza (1989). Modood and Berthoud (1997) carried out a research to show that among ethnic minority groups 20 per cent of African-Caribbeans