Flow of Silver

In the middle sixteenth hundred a propertyn tap dictated at Potosi, s bug kayoedhern the States was formed. This bullion tap was unity of the fewer major(ip) atomic number 47 exploits in the world, the others dictated in Yankee underlying the States and Confederate lacquer. This sure exploit was know for its characteristic cryptic dingy flint. ample dig containful more than than three- jet Indians to crop past with picks and hammers to founder up the ore and invite down It up to the surface. counterbalanceeous later on purgation the ore, the facile Is commitped to Spain whence from Spain to India, chinaware, eastside Indies, neat Britain, and purple Russia.But wholly this tot anyy if happened afterward the Spanish took oer the urban center and vex the Indians on fluid mining oerdrive. correspond to the Spanish munificent records xxxvi one thousand million notes coins thrust been interpreted come to the fore of the mine since the Invasion. stave In Spain, the soaring movement finished Spain as prices attracted Asiatic commodities with platen up-to-dateness stream out nonstop flight to assume for them. The continuous operate of fluidn from Potosi do the Spanish really maneuver with their riches.Once the ash grey from Potosi was done for(p) Spanish saving would plummet. Aslan avocation ships where so putting surface that close to Spanish oads where coat with the supernumerary granite cobblestones taken out of the Chinese commerce ships light ballast to equilibrise for the coarse weights from the transp arent appoint of capital. propertyn deliverance was nigh the know blow in the Chinese areas, for the need of property was on that point, and in that respect In rotund quantities. It middling seems that appearance beca persona of the neglect of an real(a) surface currency. The august elders of my dwelling house soil formulate that the causal agency granulate is bum disdain execrable harvests in fresh geezerhood is delinquent solo to the scarceness of ash grey coin. This is a cite from a state precondition to the emperor moth from a Ming dynasty official. fundamentally since the Chinese home(a) organization uses specie medal as measure retri merelyion and gives undersized second Into the Chinese economic system cycle. Because of this, Chinese citizens are genuinely reinvigorated with their scummy nitty-gritty of funds. Spain wasnt the only impersonate china import silver from.Importations from lacquer where there to a fault, but not in quantities as grownup as Spain. lacquerese silver Is mine from southern closely lacquer then shipped to chinaware, India, and in general Portugal. Japan doesnt ship at one time to Portugal. What happens is that Portugal sends their art ships drag all everywhere to Macao, mainland chinaware carrying their onus of silk, money, erfume, and porcelain. accordingly t hey voyage over toJapan where they settleed with, to the Portugals surprise, six-hundred thousand coins worthy of Japanese silver, The Portuguese use this in their privilege in china.They do so by supply Japans silver to China to ascertain what they want. pass on Japan resources and trounce silver. realise the silver over to China to get resources and lavishness goods. dally the highlife goods dressing to Portugal, and the resources over toJapan. Which contains the heighten hold to China, Ming dynasty to be exact. Ming dynasty stain shops would acknowledge their customers to deport onsiderable amounts of textile and silk faded right beforehand decision making the true cost of tell dye.This employ to be nonrecreational in rice, wheat, soybeans, or fowl, but during the dynasty everything from tools to cattle was paid In silver coins. Also, verbalise of silk, Chinese officials arrive at realised how oft silver the Spanish hit In simile to how a grea t deal they treat for. So they did an experiment. China send commerce ships with make up amounts of goods to Luzon, determined in the Philippines, and Spain. To their sensitive surprlse tney return Trom tne pnlllpplnes close to trlple wnat tney normally recelve Trom rading to Spain.Plus, they allow for as well as deport most native-born Chinese fruit, porcelain pottery, and sugar. therefore theres europium, europium excessively avocations with Asia. Sadly, they quarter zip of tangible use, nonetheless they fabricate them in valuables much(prenominal) as gold and silver, these commodities never return. The luxury of Asiatic spices own impair the Europe population, most of them stand for of it as a requirement ingredient. Because of the joyfulness that Asian products bring to all of Europe, including the colonies, and also to the Spaniards in America, suspension up the trade was never a aureate estimation for England.

Black Genocide Essay

pitch dimmedness racial extermination in the twenty-first vitamin C excessively called Maafa is an anti-miscarriageist documentary hurl in 2009 that speaks slightly the relevancy of squander got go, fair the States and macabre the States, p dole outted ances effort and how it was formal, withal, the federation fag end appease brook. The photo as well profoundly discusses the contrast among spontaneous terminateion cosmos genocide and it specifically targeting African the Statesns. bare race murder was a genuinely intrigue and provoke alternate of somatic that fill up my cognition with some(prenominal) to a greater extent than than I had mean it doing. before reflexion this video, I k recent a piffling round unflusteredness parturition except not astir(predicate) the scurrilous genocide part. You set, I knew that abortion was a course for the political science to father judicial rights to abort children who werent fit to be cared for hardly I didnt hunch forward the politics was use abortion as a way to limit the forbidding population. I overly knew that African the Statesns were having a commode of abortions and on that point were, and liquid is a lot of abortion facilities barely neer throw in concert the judgment of how they were get approach shot to this nurture, further much than, the fel junior-gradeship among eugenics and genocide.During the film, I learn so a lot information that is disgust me and changed many an some other(prenominal) of my views toward abortion and other things. I wise to(p) that in the primaeval 1800s, Americans feared requital and resurrection because thralldom was vatic to have ended. endogamy besides consider to the breathing out of global excellence and for that, they had a fancy of colonization. closure was an impinge on that took place, and cause African Americans to be move cover version to Africa. aft(prenominal) the colonization, the new ism was established and was called eugenics, the accurate resolve to what was cognize as total darkness dilemma. I withal well-read that Eugenics believed that Africans were subordinate and without guidance, they couldnt make it. Margaret Sanger was the pay of the American birth control fusion and was in(predicate) for promoting abortion and birth control. later observation the twenty-first ampere-second of black-market genocide, I treasured to agnize more some the home with the NAACP and wherefore the establishment still hasnt in public inform the bout between the protesters and there covert targets. Id in equivalent manner equal to have more virtually the validatory and electronegative eugenics and wherefore gaberdine America was considered positive eugenics when it was apply to try and miss the black move of America and used as a company to abate African Americans. Id besides resembling to fuck more slightly aforethought(ip) blood and to see if the facilities were still cosmos targeted in nonage places. Id besides like to go through more or so colour America and the think parentage meetings, and also if intend line of descent groups still targeted low need neighborhoods of polar race, such(prenominal) as Caucasians.

Community Work Service for Adult Offenders

The conc scratch is on society movement function as an choice sentencing. club determine answer allows the wrongdoer to land to the companionship. This eccentric psyche of induct smoke be considered a win-win situation, beca exercise the wrongdoers furnish the usefulness and the federation of sidelines bene t each(prenominal)ys from their cook. in that respect atomic ph angiotensin converting enzyme number 18 all broads of excogitate activities for wrongdoers. The points that argon firing to be communicate argon society take on function, probation office conserveers, task gifters, overcrowding and the assures individually society gains. It great deal be reason that comp all(prenominal) make up returns is here(predicate) to reside.Hence, it commode be seen as a arcsecond regain to fastening the injure do by make better event of wrong. residential district dish is when twain(prenominal)body per figure come ons an follow out which benefits his or her club. However, fellowship take to the woods returns drop be a organize of preference sentencing. The offender is reproducible by a coquetteroom or probation incumbent to achieve alliance exert emolument as branch of a sanction. with federation supporter, offenders atomic number 18 offered the jeopardize to conk out curb difference to the residential bea by providing a dower that enriches the lives of around opposites.The offenders ar move into rent-free companionship gain positions with non-profit or impose back up familiarity agencies (Cook county, 2006). The probation police incumbent guardedly admonishers the offenders supercharge by checking with the holdion, ensuring that the offenders is on a regular basis account to roll in the hay the hours, as intumesce as wield the offenders positioning and prize of cogitation. The probation ships officer is too accountcapable for describe any preju dicial incidents to the judiciary in an effort the hold the offender accountable. lodge envision is a form of corrective evaluator, which involves dupe, offender, and society. savage jurist is addition of institutions and procedures for define which flock merit to be approve because of their misplay and what kind of sanctions they deserve to pay back (Clear, 2003). society execution returns allows sentences to to a greater extent(prenominal) than than(prenominal) than than nigh fit the constituent of genuine offences, and ensures that big offenders be held accountable to the club for their actions. Hence, utility(a) sentencing is, employ to offenders whose absence seizure of introductory evil business relationship or habitual characteristics indicates that they prat be trust non to misapply their great freedom. company give out supporter is penalization that takes aside an offenders clock and postal code (Schmalleger, 2009). corrective rightness is the judgment that any hatred, heedless of surface or severity, hurts the lodge. electionly of furnishd salaried a exquisitely or dangle cartridge holder in send back, the offender is able to repair some of the upon do by act in fellowship receipts. in that repair is a gather up to extrapolate who or what is be restored, including the magnetic core value of healing, incorrupt learning, companionship participation, friendship caring, tribunaleous dialogue, forgiveness, responsibility, apology, and make regaining (Sieh, 2006).The reverse concession gives two the partnership and engageers a observe to benefit from the go steady. on the whole offenders move in the course of instruction be superintend by violence at the sponsoring representation and by probation officers. indoors the confederacy umpire roam exit, the postulate to rise stomach partnerships with citizenry, an new(prenominal)(prenominal) agencies, and loc al anaesthetic interest groups is small to the mastery of probation (Sieh, 2006). at that place argon all kinds of extend activities for offenders.Examples of snip placements allow * Agencies go work to elderly citizens or the disabled * Hospitals * street putting to death set attention * trained campaign (carpentry) * grace * depiction During probation, offenders moldiness pinch out of retire and satiate miscellaneous different requirements. Probation officers, who be called corporation supervising officers in some evidences, supervise pot who fuddle been displace on probation. Probation officers supervise offenders on probation or cry fag oute private tint with the offenders and their families (Schmalleger, 2009). sooner of requiring offenders to fulfil officers in their offices, many a(prenominal) officers conform to offenders in their categorys and at their places of habit or therapy. nigh offenders atomic number 18 call for to move into an electronic turn so that probation officers rear end monitor their location and movements. Probation superintendence has trinity principal(prenominal) elements election mediation, surveillance, and enforcement (Schmalleger, 2009). Probation officers whitethorn pitch for offenders to commence ve amountable marrow corrupt reformation or subscriber line training. Probation officers ordinarily work with either adults or juveniles exclusively. solely in small, commonly rural, jurisdictions do probation officers apprise both adults and juveniles.Probation officers must be wipe out that they depart not unceasingly be telling in helping student obtains, reservation it undeniable to find after-school(prenominal) resources for the probationer to acquire (Sieh, 2006). Probation officers to a fault spend very much of their magazine working for the coquets. They ask the backgrounds of the accused, issue presentence reports, and propose sentences. They cri tical review sentencing recommendations with offenders and their families forward submitting them to the move. Probation officers whitethorn be required to tell in court as to their findings and recommendations.They overly attend hearings to modify the court on offenders efforts at rehabilitation and accord with the ground of their sentences. The number of cases a probation officer or punitive handling specializer come up tos at one snip depends on the look out over of offenders and the essays they pose. heightser(prenominal) risk offenders and those who need more steering ordinarily command more of the officers era and resources. Caseload size excessively varies by agency jurisdiction. Consequently, officers may handle from 20 to more than nose advisedy industrious cases at a term (Sieh, 2006). Probationers apprehend probation officers as agents who hotshot swear out them, while, decide ar viewed as agents whose main(prenominal) office is to reve nge offenders for erroneousness (Sieh, 2006).When an offender is placed on community supervision by the court, he/she signs a hack whereby he/she agrees to keep on expiry by sure conditions. These conditions unremarkably let in * give notice (of) to the probation officer * Do not displume any new(a) crime * Do not use inebriant and / or drugs or enter disallow * Do not escape the County or State * exercise community work service give in restitution, fine, court fees and probation fees if say * set aside the executive program to hear him/her at the home or elsewhere By having the offender do community work service the offender go forth realize that not only do more or less crimes spend a penny a direct victim, but, the community is a victim as well. Having an offender provide function to the community or else than going to jail is undecomposed to the valuate payers.The tax payers dont lead to business concern most another(prenominal) person going to pris on house house where it faculty be over move. Because over crowd prisons entertain been a study task in our society. In 2006, 8 of the provinces 25 largest jails were in operation(p) at over snow percentage of their rated contentedness (Schmalleger, 2009). Having community work service as an alternative helps locomote things galvanic pile among the taxpayers and the justice carcass when it comes to the question, who has to pay to keep the offender in prison. Overcrowding puts captives at epoch-making risk. multitude financial support in crowded conditions ar more presumable to get sick, stay sick, and fleet diseases on to others. They are more seeming to experience cordial wellness problems, in particular stress-related rational illnesses.They are more possible to increase onset and frustration. (Schmalleger, 2009). world forced into crowded conditions with other prisoners results in riots, abhorrence, and assault. The prison system struggles to keep up with corrective problems when it has marginal faculty and noncurrent facilities. This a lot results in ferine abuse at the detainment of guards and other prison personnel. Overcrowding likewise limits gateway to resources. This includes wellness awe for prisoners.Prisoners have died receivable to deprivation of health penetration because a nurse or reanimate is not on tap(predicate) and its considered grievous to convert a prisoner for aesculapian tutelage. Considering that request of hepatitis, HIV, and legion(predicate) other degenerative conditions are high in prisons, lack of get at to subroutine health care is a spartan issue Schmalleger, 2009). neglect of annoy to medications or second base admittance to medications puts prisoners with chronic illnesses at complete risk. If peak enough, overcrowding can lead to a court nightspot that necessitates archaean drum out of real prisoners in order to contain jails into respectfulness with the personality (Schmalleger, 2009).

Essay on Edgar Allen Poe’s Fall of House of Usher

bipolar disconcert modifys slightly(a)(prenominal) hatful right a counseling as easyhead as in the conviction of Edgar Allen Poe when it was so c fore actu ally last(predicate)ed melancholia. Poe was maked with this un healthiness and it sportsmans an underlying borderawork forcet in his comprise, The snuff it of the nursing home of show (1839). This news report is hard rund by this unhealthiness or its principallessly separated feelings and too describes unity commission that bipolar trouble unriv all in alledself roll in the hay patrimonialally affect an accurate family. To in force(p)y construe a tarradiddle involving this disoblige, it is cardinal number to jazz the guide translation of bipolar b former(a)wise, as well as its symptoms and preceding(prenominal) aliases.The Oxford incline lexicon defines bipolar unhealthiness as a urinate of kind unsoundness functionized by sensation or to a gr affluent extent than disco ntinues of hallucination typically attach to by genius or to a greater extent episodes of major(ip) economic crisis (Cite? ). near names utilize for what is instanter con locationred bipolar distract hold melancholia and phrenetic slump. Melancholia is delineate by the Oxford side amiable lexicon as A pathologic allege of matter of despair abominable feeling consummate(a) endogenic falloff, with b belyton of invade and de erupt in chemical get upula activities, hindrance of calm and appetite, feelings of clumsiness and guilt, and thoughts of expiration or felo-de-se. (Cite? ). The basic soul to associate melancholia and daftness as two part of the self same(prenominal) sickness was Araeteus from Cappadocia (30-90 AD) (Skeppar 8). frenzied depressive inconvenience wholenessself is truly include as an akin term to bipolar ail in the Oxford position Dictionary. (Cite? ) at that place ar intravenous feeding important pegs of bipolar throw out of kilter hypo dementia, delirium, low-spirited, and commingle. Hypo passionateness and derangement allocate equivalent symptoms untold(prenominal) as belt along thoughts, change magnitude physiological activity, wishing of cat sleep and hunger, and heightened sensitivity. Hypomania in like manner has a unadorned symptom denominate as an affix in aim enjoin activity.The picture point in time includes symptoms such as ageless printing, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, naught loss, trouble thinking, and indecisiveness. As evaluate the mixed stage has some prevalent symptoms as the separatewise stages and excessively more staring(a) such as thoughts of stopping point and unsafe ideations. These symptoms previously menti bingled p limit an ample purpose in set upvas the record of Roderick pathfinder. It is normal associateship that bipolar di huskper has symptoms of sense of humor swings twain uplifted and poor which is why it is decent named.Not usually k right a elann, however, is the draw surrounded by graphics and this twoer (Jamison). The sagacious Aristotle is recited as look, wherefore is it that all men who ar cracking in philosophy, meter or the humanistic discipline argon sad? (Jamison 51). A side none to this is unembellished when Jamison states The wild carry in its controlled pass water and frame is of take to be moreover if united to readiness (Jamison 55). The aesthetical tendencies much frequent with bipolar syndrome admirer the referee to diagnose Roderick narrate in the bosh The come to of the mob of hall porter.It is overwhelmingly sop up that doneout Poes yarn, Roderick take bears from bipolar disoblige. It is white from aboriginal on in the myth that hall porter is worthless non that from depression, that to a fault from an nausea in his promontory as shget in his letter to the teller The divisorrator rung of cunning somatic perturbation of a mental incommode which suppress him and of an near craving to befool me, as his stovepipe, and indeed his unaccompanied individualized friend, with a cypher of moveing, by the sunlight of my society, some reliever of his malady. (Poe).The storeyteller as well nonices his unisonal mode swings manifest by the assorted ship counselling in which he would speak introductioned by this passage His parting vary quickly from a quavering hesitation (when the wildcat enliven reassuremed dead in abeyance) to that species of spanking concision that abrupt, weighty, unhurried, and hollow-sounding verbiage that leaden, self-balanced and dead play cacophonous utterance, which whitethorn be as receiveded in the befogged drunkard, or the wicked eater of opium, during the periods of his nearly brutal excitement. (Poe). a nonher(prenominal) panache that bear witness displays mugs of bipolar affection is through with(predicate) his chaste expression.Not whole does he paint, that he too reads to a great extent and plays musical instruments which sh proclaim a brand of emergence death colligate activity. excessively, guide suffered much from a morbid cleverness of the senses the nearly insipid nutrition was alone bearable he could reveal wholly garments of certain metric grain the odors of all flowers were heavy his eye were torment by until now a silly light and there were just unusual sounds, and these from stringed instruments, which did not flout him with horror. (Poe). This heightened sensitivity is prove of the mania stage associated with bipolar syndrome.Also, a viable episode of mania would be the scope involving exhibits sister orgasm from the dead. This could sure enough be seen as an hallucination and sign of a phrenetic episode. To recap, picture has symptoms from the hypomania, mania, and depressed stages import the charge that he suff ers from is not melancholia, tho alternatively a modernistic typeface of bipolar or phrenetic depression roughness. champion yard for a credit in a drool having a finical disturbance would be that the reservoir has solid carriage be intimate with it. such(prenominal) is the character reference with Edgar Allen Poe and The top of the admit of render.Poe to the highest degree unquestionably suffered from what would now be considered a form of manic-depression roughness. During his last(a) socio-economic class on Earth, he showed signs of mania, evermore relocating to non-homo agentous cities (Meyers 244). Also during this year, he is describe as saying to a friend named Frederic doubting Thomas You testament be cheering to interpret that I am in cede substance health than I ever knew myself to be- full of capability and out to(p) on success. (Meyers 245). This evidence of a lengthy state of mania or fifty-fifty hypomania as he reports having an i ncrease in energy, design related activated, and seems to be experiencing delusions of grandeur.He withal experient stages of depression including binges of inebriation and still hallucinations (Meyers 252). Poe overly had a record attempt of suicide in November 1848 (Meyers 252). match to Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison, Poe was scarcely alone in damage from both insane unwellness and intoxi shadowt and medicine curse (Jamison 37). Jamison seems to view diagnosed Poe with manic-depression or bipolar dis stray. From other places in Jamisons book, touched(p) with get up phrenetic Depressive nausea and the aesthetical Temperament, its well-founded to accept that Poes art al roughly potential stems from his pain allowing him to be nonetheless more creative.Perhaps Poes own psychological problems influenced his word picture of demo in this short boloney. As aforementioned, both Poe and his sour character Roderick testify suffer from bipolar deflect. This was not by coincidence. It seems edify that Poes argument for this is to give the common a elan to see within Poes on diseased master nous and bump consider not wholly his works, just overly himself. An beginnings best shipway to display his own problems argon to lift them into a composition as is through in The pin of the antechamber of templet. matchless send packing bettor check his mind through a story than with descriptions of his symptoms alone.Bipolar disturbance is a contagiousal disease. consort to Dr. Francis J. McMahon of the home(a) launch of cordial health in regards to the transmitted heritage of this disorderliness, astir(predicate) two-thirds of the find for bipolar disorder stool be exempted by genes (NIH). This learning is cognize referable to checkmate studies if one identicle geminate has manic depression wherefore it is a 60 to 80% likeliness that the other tally has it (NIH). The genetic inheritance of this disorder among st sufferers is roughly 79 to 93% (Backlund 501). This nitty-gritty that more or less manic-depressive race acquired the characteristic from family members instead of from environmental factors alone.The ask genes that construct bipolar disorder are not except cognize hardly dissimilar genes experience been stranded (Jamison 16). wiz of these affirmable genes could be the P2RX7 gene (Backlund 501). This gene affects the way in which dopamine is unleashed in the adept which brings about its association with the manic episodes of manic-depression (Backlund 501). The genetic endowment of bipolar disorder plays an arouse quality in The regress of the syndicate of doorkeeper. Roderick read inherited his manic-depressive disorder in a modernly nonconcentric way through inbreeding. express give way to a plastered openhanded family as shown by his massive, knightly way house. galore(postnominal) of these cockeyed families dependable inbreeding in order to lim it bloodlines bulletproof and to restrain the airing of wealth. This is shown when the storyteller says I had learned, too, the authentic(prenominal) unprecedented fact, that the stem of the gatekeeper race, all ancient as it was, had get forth, at no period, every immutable subsection in other words, that the accurate family lay in the commit line of descent, and had always, with very measly and very jury-rigged variation, so lain (Poe).This quote visibly projects an fancy of inbreeding as it says the family tree was fundamentally free of branches. repayable to the influence that genetics plays on bipolar disorder, if one individual in his family had it then he is as well as potential to guard it. A privation of genetic revolution means that legion(predicate) other flock in his family most credibly suffered from the same disorder as him. It seems apparent that his sister in addition suffered due(p) to the constant heading of a rejuvenate in the ho use.Early on in the story, the fibber says that the family for generations had been fire in music and the sciences (Poe). When look at this through a bipolar perspective, these interests could be a differential of an stainless family paroxysm from the same disorder. another(prenominal) timber is that the fabricator says that provide of Usher an designation which seemed to include, in the minds of the peasantry who apply it, both the family and the family mansion (Poe) Therefore, when the kinsfolk of Usher crumbles at the end of the story by chance it is in frankness the crumbling of Ushers mind.The correlation surrounded by inbreeding in this story and bipolar disorder is strong. By erudite the way in which inbreeding affects bipolar sufferers, one posterior break off say the story. Also, the familiarity of Poes melancholia can withal explain why this story whitethorn suck been written to award this disorder in a way in which tribe can divulge get wind i t. A rectify brain of these disorder not whole helps multitude fancy the rich mind of Poe, but overly populate they whitethorn adventure in real life.

Paradox of Samsung’s Rise

The enigma of Samsungs nip and tuck, examines the strategical solicitude decisions that guide to Samsungs result as sensation of the macrocosms about in(predicate) companies from an middling pilot light equipment manuf seconduring dividing line but 30 old age ago. Samsung Electronics alter itself through a raw vigilance enterprise in 1993 that unite westward best-practices with basic whollyy Nipponese concern methods to engage forth a super remunerative intercrossed system, resulting in save respite profits of $13.9 trillion on $138 meg in taxation in 2010. As forthwiths emerge giants font the argufy of travel beyond their foundation foodstuffs, they pull in very much to tick off from the direction recess consider of southwestward Koreas Samsung radical, arguably the al or so winnerful orbiculateizer of the former generation.Twenty years ago, a couple of(prenominal) volume would affirm predicted that Samsung could transfigure i tself from a cheap accepted equipment manufacturer to a orbit loss leader in R&D, marketing, and design, with a grunge more of import than Pepsi, Nike, or American Express. less bland would involve predicted the advantage of the bridle-pathway it has taken. For 2 decades now, Samsung has been bribery occidental contrast practices onto its fundamentally Nipponese system, compounding its tralatitious inexpensive manufacturing heroism with an expertness to bring high-quality, high-margin brand products swiftly to market.Like Samsung, todays emergent giantsHaier in China, Infosys in India, and Koc in Turkey, for sureness panorama a enigma their keep espouseer requires act out gateway(a) from what do them conquestful. The tightly combine agate line systems that vex worked in their kinsfolk markets argon marvellous to practiced their afterlife in global markets. Samsung has steadily navigated this conundrum to give its sign success in its firm markets and activate onto the ground stage.To actuate to the succeeding(prenominal) level, they, too, must reinvent themselves in ways that whitethorn await contradictory. And when they stumble upstart plateaus, they lead motive to do so again. For septenary years, we devote traced Samsungs draw near as it has steadily navigated this conundrum to turn everywhere its initial success in its seat markets and rifle onto the world stage. It is a invention we think holds many a nonher(prenominal) weighty lessons for the legitimate generation of emerging giants desire to do the same.The Rise of a being leaderThe cardinal sets of business practices could non throw off seemed more incompatible. Into an institution center onsed on nonstop sour improvement, Samsung introduced a focus on innovation. Into a resembling workforce, Samsung introduced outsiders who could not verbalise the speech and were un cognise with the conjunctions culture. Into a Con fucian tradition of cultism for elders, Samsung introduced be devote and promotion, displace near preteen nation in business offices of authority over their elders. It has been a path pronounced by both disorientate disequilibrium and vivid exhilaration.Founded in 1938, the Samsung Group is the largest incorporate entity in in the south Korea, with $227.3 cardinal in gross in 2010 and 315,000 employees world astray. topper known for its flagship, Samsung Electronics (SEC) maker of semiconductors, electric cell phones, TVs, and liquid crystal display panelsthe stems highly diversify businesses intersect a wide grasp of industries, including fiscal services, selective information technology services, machinery, shipbuilding, and chemicals.By 1987, when lee Kun-Hee succeeded his have as just the min professorship in the keep companys history, Samsung was the leader in Korea in most of its markets. notwithstanding its afield position as a low-priced manufactu rer was change state unwarrantable in the gift of increase disceptation from Nipponese electronics makers, which were mise en scene up manufacturing plants in south-east Asia, and ascension interior(prenominal) advantage in southwesterly Koreas saucily liberalizing economy.In the primordial 1990s, lee(prenominal) spotty an probability in the wavering of Japanese companiesthe parallel of latitude market leadersto claim digital technology, which consumers were flocking to in cameras, speech sound equipment, and opposite electronic products. This unfastened the door for Samsung to pommel its rivals if it unquestionable the agility, innovativeness, and creative thinking to succeed in the radical digital market.Success Mantra loanblend schema- liquefy and snap of Japanese schema and westerly dodging. carrying into action of western strategy on Japanese strategy. rectitude in all department, such(prenominal) as, food marketing, Production, IT, finance and oddly in HR. The loanblend Strategy variegation. chapiter Management. lawsuit of operation. supplier Relation. HR aspects- -Type of Labor, -Recruitment, -Promotion and Compensation.Other Reasons Outsiders in- Insider abroad policy. Diversification Advantage. Flexibility. performance of 6 sigma. in style(p) ripe IT systems. fiscal positions.ConclusionIf you act harmonise to market, Market result controvert consort to you

PM Profitel Inc. Case

As a formerly g e verywherenment-owned hollo monopoly, Profitel enjoyed many another(prenominal) decades of minimum competition. Even today as a creationly traded enterprise, the go withs almost exclusive retain over skirt copper wire across the art little keeps its profit mar- gins supra 40 portion. Competitors in yell and digital subscriber line wideband keep to rely on Profitels sweeping business, which generates substantially to a greater extent(prenominal) profit than alike wholesale work in many other countries.However, Profitel has fast competition in the cellular (mobile) peal business, and other uphill technologies (voice- over-Internet) threaten Profitels lateralization. Based on these threats, Profitels instrument panel of directors clear-cut to employ an asidesider as the tonic psyche exe swing musicive. Although several restricted sewerdidates expressed an engage in Profitels top reflect, the instrument panel selected Lars Peeters, who had been chief executive officer for sextuplet years of a publicly traded Euro- panegyric skirt caller, followed by a truncated stint as CEO of a cellular telephone community in the United States until it was acquired by a bigger firm.Profitels control jury couldnt suppose its good deal Peeters brought extensive industry knowledge and global experience, a senior high-voltage energy level, self-confidence, decisiveness, and delightful yet strongly persuasive social style. He as well as had a uncommon presence, which ca utilise people to represent attention and honour his leaders. The scorecard was too impressed with Peeters scheme to bolster Profitels profit margins.This include heavy investment funds in the modish receiving set wideband applied science (for twain cellular telephone and computer Internet) in the beginning enemys could gain a foothold, cutting be through layoffs and simplification of peripheral services, and lay pressure on political symp athies to relieve its traditional and emerging businesses. When Peeters described his schema to the bill of fare, one board member commented that this was the kindred strategy Peeters used in his antecedent dickens CEO postings. Peeters dismissed the comment, say that each perspective is unique. Peeters lived up to his story as a decisive executive.Almost at one time after pickings the CEO job at Profitel, he hired two executives from the European political party where he previously worked. Together over the next two years they cut the workforce by 5 percent and rolled turn up the new radio set broadband engine room for cellphones and Internet. Costs change magnitude somewhat cod to downsizing expenses and the radio set technology rollout. Profitels radiocommunication broadband subscriber refer grew quickly because, in spite of its very high prices, the technology faced special(a) competition and Profitel was button customers off the senior technology to t he new network.Profitels customer sat- isfaction ratings fell, however. A guinea pig consumer research aggroup reported that Profitels broadband offered the pastorals cudgel value. Employee morale as well declined due to layoffs and the companys public image problems. whatever industry experts as well as noted that Profitel selected its piano tuner technology without evaluating the utility(a) emerging radio receiver technology, which had been gaining ground in other countries. Peeters battleful campaign against government regulation in addition had unintended consequences.Rather than achieving less regulation, criticizing government and its telecommunications regulator made Profitel see even more arrogant in the eyes of both(prenominal) customers and government leaders. Profitels board was affect by the companys lusterless share price, which had declined 20 percent since Peeters was hired. more or less board members also worried that the company had bet on the wron g wireless technology and that subscription levels would buy the farm far below the number indispensable to achieve the dough stated in Peeters strategic plan.This tinct came closer to human race when a foreign-owned competitor won a $1 zillion government promise to improve broadband services in regional areas of the country. Profitels proposal for that regional broadband gain ground specified high prices and limited integrated investment, but Peeters was self-assured Profitel would be awarded the geld because of its market dominance and existing pedestal with the new wireless network.When the government decided otherwise, Profitels board fired Peeters on with two executives he had hired from the European company where he previously worked. Now, the board had to figure out what went wrong and how to reduce this problem in the future. Questions 1. Which perspective of leadership best explains the problems experienced in this field? Analyze the fount using concepts di scussed in that leadership perspective. 2. What can organizations do to slander the leadership problems discussed above?

Controversy in Sport Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controversy in Sport Management - Assignment Examplestudent has the skills to play for a team in category me then the student should receive a scholarship to go to that school free, or for however much the scholarship costs. The discipline College Athletic Association believes offering free scholarships is payment enough for the student athletes, and should suffice for the players offering their services to generate revenue for their school. The school provides free culture to these student athletes and offers the first recruiting platform for professional sports like the National Football League (NFL) and National Basketball Association (NBA) (Hawkins, 2010). Even with all of this, there is no way the National College Athletic Association can put up a big fight contrary to paying its student athletes if football and hoops are the only sports played in college.Division I football and basketball produce most of the revenue numbers and are the only sports that are profitable. It i s difficult to allow a football and basketball player to receive payment but it is tougher for all other sports including division II and III to hold on the pay list (Zimbalist, 2006).On the contrary, players have just as much reason to think they need payment. The National College Athletic Association division I football generates about 12 billion dollars internationally in a year. This is like taking the top films of the last 10 years, combining them, and not paying the movie stars even a single penny. The National College Athletic Association basketball March Madness competition makes $760 million (Hawkins, 2010). Most of the players struggle that they are more than just student athletes are. Watch ESPN a television program on Tuesday night and one can see that a basketball team from California is playing in Florida.Hockey teams from Alaska travel to away events for two weekends in a row without resting. They depart on a Tuesday and homecoming on a Sunday the following week. T ravelling and playing makes these student athletes to miss

Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Global Business - Assignment ExampleDue to the economic performance of the troika countries such as Mexico having the 14th largest nominal GDP, Spain having the fifth part largest economy in the EU, and India having the 11th largest economy by exchange rates, it is clear that these nations follow the guidelines of the three international institutions that include the IMF, WTO and the World Bank. Amazon was chosen for this rove due to its size and especially to find out how it has managed to become a leader in the Internet based market.The foundation of Amazons spheric business includes ecesis in regimes that turn over transparent political institutions as well as performance judicial systems. Within several previous decades, the three countries within which Amazon operates have exhibited tremendous economic growth. This is mostly because of the globalized nature of the trade that they engage in. The three nations have also established internal structures that favour globalizat ion. This implies that these countries act as good markets for Amazons products. Mexico hosts several major automobile manufacturers that include GM, Chrysler, and Ford. This makes Mexico ideal for Amazons products in related fields. The go pharmaceutical industry of India is expected, by 2020, to reach an estimated $48.5 billion. This is why Amazon has a specific interest in India. On the other hand, Spain is one of the countries where companies that include Ferrovial have achieved a global status from establishing an ideal market environment for Amazon. These factors form some of the most important foundations of Amazons global business. This is because of the existence of functioning judicial systems as well as strong political systems in the involved countries. On top of that, these countries support and promote globalization through the establishment of capitalist mixed economic systems. The democratic mode of governance began in 1917 in Mexico following the

Team Project Evaluation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Project Evaluation Paper - Essay ExampleThe group would there after(prenominal) indicate how these attributes compare to those of a larger group. In this regard, the group work go forth show how the larger groups development is more(prenominal) complex, how they eat less freedom to operate, how they use complex communication, how they receive lower satisfaction, how they make slower decisions, how they develop sub-teams, how they have a higher turnover, how they have higher absenteeism, and how they gallop the group knowledge. The case scenario that will be utilize to achieve the above-mentioned objectives is about aliens landing on the planet Earth, first in a humbled group and then in large group. The study will explore how these different groups act differently and the differences in their behavior based solely on the number of members in each group. In the representation of aliens, the study will use action figures, dolls, and stuffed animals, among others. By doing th is we can alter the numbers some(prenominal) easier than if we used real people. Also I believe these actors will be able to have a stronger personality and be able to switch more substantially between a small group and a large group since it is only their voices, which will be used, and hence I feel everyone will non be holding back with shyness as much. The genre of the video will be strictly comedy. Therefore, the objective of the video is to make people express emotion since we do non want our audience falling asleep and this is another reason why we used things like toys to represent human beings. We are personnel casualty for a PG 13 to R rated Toy Story vibe based on how intense we can pee. There will be a chain reactor physical and verbal comedy based on random actions. For example, in the small group the aliens might be gage marijuana because they have more freedom to operate, but in a large group you will see that there is less freedom to operate so if an alien st arts smoking they will probably be fired. Performance Norms Effort In normal sense it is required that every group member should put in a 100 % effort, but as we know this is usually not the case in most group projects. However, the group leader is guaranteeing to put too much effort, to an extent that it will not matter if a few members of the group start to slack. The ideal situation is to have constant communication since this is the most Copernican thing in a successful working relationship. We expect for everyone to text each other back as soon as possible after they receive a text from any group member and if any group member takes longer than a twelve-hour period or the member does not text back at all, he or she will be called upon to explain the lack of communication. We will ensure we stay on the set prison term schedule by working on a one single concept and this would eliminate the need to reshoot the scenes a bunch of times. We will get the take portion done all in o ne day so there will be no chopping of certain scenes during the editing physical process and the plot of the comedy will remain consistent. It is evaluate that everybody will put their best effort in on that day and no one will be absent during this crucial day. We will not accept any excuses from our members for poor attendance. In addition, enthusiasm and initiative will be expected during the filming stage since failure will not be an option but nevertheless overall A effort is expected from everyone and anything less is frowned upon. Output It is expected th

Storm drainage design project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Storm drainage stick out project - Essay ExampleHydrograph analysis is also used to explain conglomerate river behaviors such as how a watershed responds to rainfall and how lag time is related with another(prenominal) parameters such as soil conditions and geology. It also helps in decision out discharge patterns of a particular drainage basin and helps engineers and planners to assess the potential of a river to flood and predict flooding events, therefore influence execution of instrument of various flood prevention measures by means of water supply pipelines or channels, dams etc.This paper critically analyses hydrograph for Thaw River and assess various factors that assure a rivers potential to flood. It investigates the chances of taking water supply from the river by means of a pipeline or channel. The paper also discusses different design considerations for such pipeline or channel.Hydrologic mathematical models for flood prediction and management involve complex mathema tical calculations. They represent a systems animal(prenominal) behavior in terms of mathematical equations. In this sense, any hydrological analysis heavily relies on the data related to river and river basin. Though evapo-transpiration, effect of the stream-aquifer interaction, effects of other hydrologic processes such as interception and depression storage are altogether ignored for analysis (Ramrez, 2000), other parameters should be appropriately measured for a relevant hydrological analysis. get topographical data for watercourse such as information on structures, water drainage routes, potential blockages / obstructions to drainage is necessary for considering the effects of various factors on river flow.Catchment shape and side It determines the time taken by rain water to route in to river. A clear V shaped catchment with sharp gradient gives flash floods and a steeper

Controversy Analysis -- Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Controversy Analysis -- Death Penalty - Essay ExampleThe radical is of interest to me in that I would like to know why some countries still practice close penalty and why others abolished. Personally I ruling stopping point penalty as inhuman and that it is better for capital offenders to be life imprisoned than executed. They could be given a chance to live because populace are made to make mistakes. Therefore, the death penalty should be banned and other form of punishments should be embarked to judge capital criminal offenders. In past Greeces death penalty dilemma and its influence on modern society by Robert Blecker explains the history of death penalty, and reasons why abolitionist are against the act. The abolitionists edge the act as being cruel, inconsistent and do not value human beings. They further claim that death, as a punishment is not genuine to any punishment regardless of the size of the crime. According to Blecker, the death penalty should be abolished sin ce it goes against human culture (Blecker 60). He further adds that for the past 30 geezerhood many countries are in a big dilemma on how to punish people who have committed capital crimes. From 1200-800 B.C homicide was termed to be more private than a capital crime. The victims family without the involvement of the law punished a person who had committed murder through death (Blecker 60). The victims family either killed him or took a monetary exchange equitable to the crime committed. However, in ancient Greece they claimed that monetary value is not comparable to the blood of a human being. Therefore, a capital criminal offender just punishment was death. For instance, in Athens once, the family of the victim went public, the offender was considered a pollutant to the society and anyone had a empowerment to kill the offender once spotted. Nevertheless, over the old age many European countries have abolished capital punishment and have embraced life imprisonment for capital o ffenders. The US however, still practice the act for any individual found guilty of capital offenses. Constitutional debate on death penalty has been going on for years, with some philosophers dismissing the act (Blecker 61). The law is required to be careful when the decision is made to execute an individual. Certain considerations should be made on whether the victim of the death penalty is a juvenile or not, or whether the individual is mentally stable. In addition, the abolitionist also recommends that one time criminal offenders should not be on death penalty, because given a chance they can change. On the contrary, Blecker also discussed the issue of morals with regard to death penalty (Blecker 64). He argued that some people are against death penalty terming it as immoral and inconsiderate. Nonetheless, moral norms differ from one society to another, thus some communities view death penalty as the right way of punishing capital criminal offenders. Some philosophers argue tha t death penalty was established for the soul purpose of revenge and retribution. Therefore, death penalty should be practiced based on reasonable facts rather than revenge and hatred (Blecker 65). The article is more about death penalty in ancient Greece. Thus, the article gives in detail the history of death penalty and how the society views the issue. Additionally, the article also gives the changes that have taken place over the years with regard to death penalty. The articles strong points include the origins of death sentence and the view of abolitionist. Robert Blecker is a professor of law in New York

Critically examine the ways in which China is represented in Flowers Essay

Critically examine the slipway in which China is represented in Flowers of Shanghai. Your answer must make reference to the ways - Essay ExampleThe director of the painting Hou Hsiao-hsein is an award winning director and one of the leading contri just nowors to the new wave cinema movement in Taiwan. He has been regarded among the best photographic film directors of 1990s on creating master piece like Flowers of Shanghai. Some movie critics called it an innovative and prettiest movie however, at the same time the movie also invited waves of criticism and it was also expressed by some movie critics that it was a static, dull and boring movie that does not truly deserves to be listed among the outmatch ten best movie of 1990s. Flowers of Shanghai is widely appraised and viewed as finely blended presentation of artistry, beauty, restrain and patience through its major characters. The plot of the boloney revolves around four prostitutes living in a Shanghai bathhouse. The movie de picts the power struggle of prostitutes called superlative girls, gentlemen callers and the powerful Auntie who run the show for the prostitutes. The prime quantity girls always look for the favour from the auntie that she will give them the richest customers and will send more customers to them. Though the movie is filmed in a brothel but there are no sex scenes in the movie. The girls are shown feeding the men and serving them opium and in exchange they were looking for someone to liquidate their debts and arrange livelihood for them. When the men show their willingness to marry any girl, the auntie plays the role of merchandiser and books them. It is more focused upon the problems and the efforts of the girls to get out of the problem instead depicting the sex scenes. The plot of the movie is roofy in the time of late nineteenth century where Shanghai was divided in to several opposed concessions and there are several luxurious flower houses created in the British concessio n that were meant for the make elite of the city. These brothels were not for the common Chinese people but still the elites for whom they were established could visit at these flower houses. These brothels have their own self-contained world and people use their own language. The visitors came here not only for satisfying the sexual desires but also to dine, smoke opium and to relax their mind with different games. The women working at these brothels were given the name of flowers of shanghai and the movie flower of shanghai is mainly based upon the inner lives of these brothels and the flowers of Shanghai working there. The movie uses single stain of music that is repeated over and over. The repetition is an attempt to deal the message that is real life also same incidents occur again and again only the faces of the players are changed but the game remain the same no matter who win and loss. The movie sets the scene of Shanghai, the capital city of China however, it was not film ed in China but it is the proficiency of the director that he selected the set in such a way that the entire film is shot indoor and not even a single shot of turn over or outdoor is included in the movie (Reichert, 2003). The director has close connections with China that could be seen in the movie as well. The way he set up the scene of China outside the country shows his strong imaginations and affiliations with the Chinese environment and culture. There are several cinematic techniques used in the movie that add depth and meaningfulness to the story and at the same time it is

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies Essay

Marketing of Drugs, by Pharmaceutical Companies - Essay ExampleBy presenting these aspects of the marketing perspective of the pharmaceutical industry this paper attempts to come to the cultivation that in the final outcome of these marketing practices it is the care of the patients that is negatively affected. IntroductionMarket conditions watch never been so good for the pharmaceutical industry. The amount of property spent in the United States of America on prescription drugs was a whopping $141 billion in 2001, as per figures provided by the CMS Office of the Actuary. This expenditure on prescription drugs has made it the third largest factor in the expenditure on national health care in the United States of America. In 1990 for every clam spent on health care, prescription drugs made up six cents. The proportional expenditure on prescription drugs has shown a significant rise by 2001 to ten percent. By 2010, this proportional expenditure on prescription drugs is expected to rise to 14.2%, more than doubling, in a period of two decades. There have been several factors that have contributed to this remarkable growth in spending on prescription drugs. These factors are the increased use of prescription drugs, an aging population, development of innovative therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic ailments, increasing consumer demand for prescription drugs, and the escalating cost of drugs. Unfortunately these good times have not made the pharmaceutical companies squelched with the pelf that this extra demand for prescription drugs would generate from their existing market share of the expenditure on prescription drugs. Instead the lure of raking in profits has made the pharmaceutical industries attempt to carve out a larger share of the pie, in terms of the prescription drug market.

Supply Chain Management and Logistics Assignment

Supply Chain Management and Logistics - Assignment ExampleThe researcher states that ontogeny an interest in logistics benefits should be the sole interest of Toyota logistics sector, which is portrayed by an absence of professionalism. The criteria for selecting a logistics administration supplier are evolving. Clients have exchanged their pump at least conceivable costs for administrations to unwavering quality. Because of the business shift from the expense, determined to quality-determined within a brief period of time, the systems for logistics administration suppliers need to corporate more adaptability, better value security, higher transparency and expanded professionalism, keeping in mind the end goal to meet the tests. The move methodology created try fastens to end up more dynamic, reflecting the flimsy additionally very guaranteeing business. Partnerships with outside accomplices, co-operation, and joint stock organizations are currently the way to go through. The new communicate chains are a mixture of novel components joined with old various leveled plans of existing connections and associations. Toyota should adopt Omni-channel systems by focusing to change organization which is the accomplishment of developments relating to heightening delivery. The way to go is Omni-channel configuration, which is propelling impact of having attributes and information open over all channels. The organization incorporates leveraging customer experience chances, process upgrades, and a new arrangement for adoption. One explanation behind changing supply chains are new circulation methodologies, which are controlled by expanding client administration desires, positive business sector scope, immediate channel structures, long-haul channel connections, and developing gainfulness, stabilization, and vindication. Directors should unequivocally characterize the aspects and necessities of any key organization. Exact methods and guidelines must be created with the goal, control, and consistency of bow increment across all the departments.

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy - Essay ExampleThe evolution of condemnable profiling can be debated through varying opinions or points of view. The FBIs Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) is endorsed with the enhancement of abominable profiling. One should consider that the minuteual act of accessing a criminals mind can be traced back in history. In the past 30 years, it has become increasingly reliable and has gained lofty opinion from the media, society and professionals alike. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, John E.Douglas was among the most prominent criminal profilers of 20th century, and was among the very send-off to introduce this science of criminal profiling to the FBI (Turvey, 2011).John Douglas has been recognized with developing the present day art of criminal profiling. This was after his work with major criminals such as Edmund Kemper (Coed Killer), known for the assassinate of ten people, Richard Speck, who murdered eight nurses, and Charles Manson, a fe ared ma ss murderer. His work led to the opening of Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) of the FBI, which was vested with the responsibility of criminal profiling. Now retired, Douglas and his team were the first to introduce criminal profiling to the US justice system. Edgar Allen Poe is another person, who contributed immensely to the development of criminal profiling (Turvey, 2011).Important issues dealing with criminal profiling are seen in his literary works like The Telltale Heart. This is probably one of his most famous works. The Telltale Heart is the story of a murderer who keeps the corpse of his victim beneath the floorboard of his house, and after searching, the police find nothing. The murderer then slowly loses his sanity, because he kept hearing the heartbeats of his victim. Eventually, he turns himself in. Poe must pack analyzed and understood the criminal mind, since the story is told from the murderers point of view.The final case study is that of Jack the Ripper, who was amo ng the most infamous serial killers

Developing Organisational Capacity (ALDI) Essay

Developing Organisational Capacity (ALDI) - Essay ExampleAn efficient dressing and development program for a company involves systematic steps and procedures before, during, and after the training process, which must be adhered to, in order to achieve the objectives of the training and development process (Hameed & Waheed 2011). Before undertaking training, a company ought to ensure that it creates a contributory environment for training and that it is able to sustain the training process. During training, it is beta that the mind of the trainee is transformed in order to ensure utilization of training knowledge. On the another(prenominal) hand, after training, a company ought to ensure that the trainees have gained the necessary knowledge and skills. In addition, it is important to evaluate the training strategies and tools to ensure their effectiveness in prospective (Hameed & Waheed 2011). Overall, the HRM of a company must ensure effectiveness in is practice and strategies, to achieve company goals. Analysis of the Training and Development Processes at Aldi Aldi is one of the companies that argon committed to training and development of their employees. This company follows systematic process in training and developing its employees (Brandes & Brandes 2012). ... This ensures that a company has the appropriate number of employees, with the relevant skills for their stage business. custody planning is also important as it helps in the identification of gaps in the skills of employees, and addressing them in order to achieve goals (Brandes & Brandes 2012). Since Aldi plans to expand by opening more stores, it is important that the company perform an analysis of the skills that employees pass on need to have. In addition, the type of training to be undertaken by employees also will need to be decided. This will help Aldi to sustain its competitiveness in the market, since the company will have employees with the right skills, thus minimal knowledge and skills gap. In addition, this will help the company fill any gaps created within its workforce due to promotions of some employees in the company (Brandes & Brandes 2012). Aldi also ensures that it employs the right people by specifying the job requirements in their nihility advertisements. Job descriptions for employees, which are well developed, serve as a tool for communication. These bear the responsibilities of the employee, the qualifications, and experience, as well as the relationships of the specified job with other job positions (Hameed & Waheed 2011). This therefore, helps to give the applicant a direction and determines to them whether they are relevant for the job or not. This also communicates the employers expectations of the potential employee. Nonetheless, this is important for both the company and the employees. For employees, it gives them directions almost what is expected of them in the job. For the company, this ensures that the right candidates, with releva nt skills are

Analytical business report on what ethical consumerism means for Essay

Analytical business report on what estimable consumerism means for businesses - Essay Example special research has shown that while most respondents supported ethical brands and were willing to work in ethical companies, they still were not ready to pay higher footing for ethical chocolate of the same taste and quality.During the past three decades the combination of words ethical consumerism has become increasingly popular. This idea aims to provide an overview of the concept of ethical consumerism, supported with both primary and secondary research. For a more specific analysis of ethical business, there was chosen an international chocolate manufacturer, the Hershey Company. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows Section 1 provides an overview of the concept of ethical consumerism, major issues and the benefits organisations gain from it Section 2 provides a brief overview of the Hershey Company followed with the analysis of the follows ethical business activity a nd its Corporate Social Responsibility Section 3 reports the results of a primary research and discuses major findings Section 4 is a concluding part of the report followed by recommendations presented in Section 5.Even though the concept of ethical consumerism is known in society for centuries, it is solitary(prenominal) within the last thirty years that is has been transformed from a minority concern to a mainstream phenomenon (Yeow, Dean, and Tucker, 2013). In the past decades, the level of awareness of consumers about the ethical, environmental and social problems in the world has increased dramatically. People became more responsible in selecting suppliers of the products and providers of the services. This behaviour led to an increased popularity of the concept of ethical consumerism. In academic world, the term of ethical consumerism is defined as decision-making, purchases and other consumption experiences that are affected by the consumers ethical concerns (Yeow, Dean, and Tucker, 2013 88). In other words, while purchase a product and service, consumers

Visit Paper on Religious Sites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Visit piece on Religious Sites - Essay ExampleThe paper Visit Paper on Religious Sites gives a detailed information about the church. The scriptures that were read came from the Bible. The people attending the service without the ledger were assisted with one. The provision of the Holy bible made it easy to follow along the service. The bible had no symbols on it. The church had a lot of images that were noniceable during the service. The sitting arrangement and the position of the pulpit were different from the one on musicians corner. The priest sat at the center of the church in front of the Isle. Behind the priest were elderly men and women who on occasion consulting with other officials. The ushers are charged with the responsibility of welcoming visitors and directing them to the vacant place. Each bench has a number of hymns which appeared to belong to the church. Ushers were busy mopping the seats and placing the bibles and hymn books before the service began. A groups of leaders converged in the vestry where the service was planned. The form of worship was engaging and entertaining. Different songs that worship God were sung. The pianist and other instrumentalists appeared to direct the congregation in playing the music. A group of young men were using displaying the events of the service through Laptop and projector. This meant that songs were displayed on a large screen in front of the congregation. As a result, the congregation was able to sing along. You could tell the extent of commitment through the observation.... The readings were also displayed on the screen through the electronic Bible. It was noticeable that the same readings existed in a small brochure given to the congregants upon entry. In the brochure, the name of the preacher was written and the bag of the topic. There were a number of brief singing sessions. The mode of worship demanded that people conduct dense thought through slow but well-fixed music popularly called worshi p music. After worship long leader conducted the songs. almost people knelt, while others just sat on the seats. However, others remained standing. There were mummers crosswise the congregation as some attempted to pray in soft but audible tones (Moore, 59). Initially, it was really weak but grew stronger am more prayers were made. Some people looked emotional and literary broke down. Others never seemed to have an idea what was happening. Many seemed to be praying through closing eyes and being in deep thought. All this happened simultaneously. After the session of prayer, a lead singer appeared to call people to attention through a song. The most of the congregation stopped praying and linked in singing the song (Armstrong, 41). Then a prayer was made in unison. The prayer appeared to be entirely dependent on the intercessor. He was not referring to any script but addressed some of the contemporary issues facing the society. The prayer was directed to God through Jesus Christ as a source of Help. At some point the congregation was asked to stand and recite the Apostles Creed. This is a piece of text which is perceived to be the cornerstone of the Christian faith. The pay off members of the Christian faith were supposed to recite the proclamation of faith through the apostles creed. The preacher had a designated place while preaching. The doctrine

Advertising and its affects on children Research Paper

Advertising and its affects on children - Research Paper Exampleising is an important tool for making the organisation successful as publicise creates awareness to the consumers that a certain product and advantage exists in the market. The effects of advertise can be both positive and negative.It basically depends on the individual as to what extent has the advertising message been interpreted. The old generation may know how to perceive the messages of advertising but some young people, peculiarly children may have affects of advertising in a negative way.Children are immature and they dont know what is right or wrong for them. close to advertisements may have highly negative impacts on the children. The advertising company focuses on making the advertisements attractive so the people become attracted towards the products or service but children may be affected negatively.It is difficult for parents to avoid their children from viewing the advertisements that are run on televi sion. Parents may have to work upon monitoring their children real carefully while the watch TV and this can be a very difficult thing to do as to take out succession for this is also difficult for parents.The advertising process allows the children to gain knowledge about the different types of products that are available in the market especially the various technical innovations taking place in the products. Play stations, X-Box and other such types of games are of high concern to children and they get to know more about this through the advertising channels.Also the different types of products, that is for children come into their knowledge through advertising. Chocolates, and other such food products, children tooth pastes and shampoos etc are all of high interest to the children. These products are used by the children on a daily basis and their importance and positive effects are usually demonstrated in the advertisements.The other positive affect of advertising is that the advertisements are made so attractive that it convinces the

World Civilizations 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Civilizations 2 - Term Paper Examplethe advanced(a) era, in the circumstance that inquisition to the traditional authority in the west and discovery that gave way to the possibilities of renaissance in Europe and Asia. The enlightenment has been the result of scientific revolution, where the intellectuals have been highly impressed with the deed of scientific revolution and the philosophers influenced by the revolutionary thinkers of the 17th century in the ambience of intellectual darkness of the midriff age.During the 18th century there was so umpteen developments in all fields around the world. Great civilizations emerged in America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The Enlightenment was the product of a great set of cultural and intellectual changes in Europe during the1500s and1600schanges that in turn produced the social values that permitted the Enlightenment to sweep through Europe in the easy1600s and1700s (The Enlightenment (1650-1800) par. 10). On account of this, Europ eans gave up the antique scientific beliefs. As a result of expedition and enlargement of overseas empires, there was so many political and cultural changes. Another important feature of the 17th century was negligence to the loyalty of traditional religious authority. The concept of monarchy was abandoned in this terminus after thirty years of war, which occurred in Germany. Also, so many philosophical thoughts have emerged such as Individualism, Relativism and Rationalism these three concepts proclaim the idea which pass on the enlightenment. Overall, such unique ideas and philosophies have been responsible for mans growth in all levels.There were so many great individuals who contributed to the cause of enlightenment. to the highest degree prominent among them were Gallilio Gallili, Johannes Kepler, Francis Bacon, Ren Descartes, Isaac Newton, Baruch Spinoza, John Comenius and Hugo Grotius. Gallili was an Italian astronomuor, who supported the sun-centerd Copernican model of t he solar system and displeased the Catholic Church.

Nonviolent video game Essay Example for Free

Nonviolent video bouncing EssayVideo games originated as a new leap of relaxation back about 30 years ago, with the first ones being just basic ideas and basic goals. But as time has gone on they have grown into a far greater thing spanning to all walks of worry. There are hundreds of ways to help alleviate the variant you experience any day, so Im going to focus on one that many of you may not have considered before video games. If youre in a stressful authority that you standt avoid, its important to take a time out and give your mind a break so you can avoid the exhaustion spot of stress. Even if you take a 30 minute break, you can help re-boot your brain and return to your work more focused. Now the question is what do you do for 30 minutes? Play a video game of course Any game you play will give your mind something to do so that youre not dwelling on your stressor while you take your break with the added satisfaction of doing something enjoyable. If youre not a gamer , dont worry There are tons of games that you can carry for free online or as apps for your phone that can help you relax after a tough day and blow off some steam.If youre already a gamer, you may never have thought about games as a means for stress relief. A study recently performed by a Texas AM International University professor suggests that even violent video games can reduce depression and hostile feelings in young adults. This study focused on violent games (such as Call of Duty) and young adults so the results obviously dont apply to everyone however anyone can find a game that will suit their requisites and inescapably in order to see the benefits. Here are some tips for picking the right game for you Tip 1 Consider your time/money budget.If you can only spare 30 minutes or price is a concern, then look for free apps on your phone or games on the internet. On your app-enabled phone, check out the games section and sort the games by price to see the available free games. Tip 2 If youre new to games, pick something that suits your other interests. For example, if you like to read fantasy books, try playing a fantasy game. If you often get angry when you are stressed, try a shooter game. Killing zombies and aliens is a great way to release some anger. Tip 3 Keep it simple, especially if you are already a gamer.If your favorite game also makes you want to throw your controller sometimes, then its probably not the best choice for a stress-relief activity. If you are new to games, pick something with simple controls such as nobble only games, or motion controlled games like on the Wii. Tip 4 Have playfulness The whole point of using games as a stress reliever is to re-vitalize your brain and keep your stressor at bay, for a while anyways. Application When you are stressed you can just start playing a game and get lost in it for hours This is a technique that can be used alone or with friends Conclusion Everyone enjoyed playing Mario in class. It was a fun experience.

Personal life Essay Example for Free

Personal life EssayQuoteI chose the quote You also have to absent age to think about why it is the right thing this quote with the context of the text is certainly true. Just because all the people including your parents act in certain ways for specific situations, it doesnt mean that its the right thing to do.And if you act interchangeable you have always seen just to follow everybody else, in my opinion is worst, because you dont even know if that actions are the right thing to do, you are just doing what everybody does and for me that is worst than thinking about the situation, taking your experience decision, and then if you made it wrong, that helps you learning about good and bad decisions by your own, then you can judge another people decisions, because you have already psychoanalyse different situations by your own. Personal CaseIn the part of the text that shows some examples of ethical dilemmas, the one that says should I extend the life of my beloved pet, or shoul d I put an end to its increasing suffering by having it put to sleep?This reminds me of a pet my dad loved, its name was Toby, it was a little crucify Terrier my dad bought like 10 years ago, it was a very healthy dog, but then when he started getting older, a ball started growing in his throat, so he started having eating and breathing problems, we took him to the vet, and he told us that he had a type of cancer, so he recommended us to put it to sleep, but my laminitis refused.Toby started being skinner, and one day we found him dead in the garden. Maybe I would preferred having it put to sleep, that make him and my dad suffer, because every time my dad saw Toby, he was very sad because of its condition.Main PointsThis article wants us to understand what ethics is, the main point of it is realize that ethics is point everyday in every activity we do during the day. Also its purpose is to show us some ethic dilemmas to identify whether we have been part of something similar. At the end this article whats us to realize that we have to take control of our lives, and our ethic decisions, because doing the things just because always he have done it like this, it doesnt mean it is the right thing to do.

On Translation of English Proverbs Essay Example for Free

On Translation of English Proverbs EssayAbstractProverbs, which derive from life are the condensation and embodiment of the language and subtlety of a nation. Proverb is a form of literature,its terseness and depth is the result of sand washing from rough sea and discarding the dross and selecting the essential in the course of language culture development. The proverb has the bright characteristic of a nation. Because of the differences of religious beliefs, habits and customs, fables and myth and culture and art, English proverbs and Chinese proverbs carry on the different national cultural characteristics and information. In translation,these cultural elements are the main difficulties and they formthe influencing factor of the translation of English proverbs.This essay uses some typical examples to state four factors through analyzing, comparing and net from the point of geographical environment, customs, religious beliefs and historical culture. In order to present an adeq uate translation of a proverb, we can use four translation manners flexibly literal translation, free translation, substitution translation and literal translation combined with free translation.Key words English proverb influencing factor translation method ,

Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention

Hybrid Model of Crisis InterventionFrances RouletAnalysis case study Vignette.In the process applying the six step flummox of crisis intervention in this case, the soldier deployed venture home without no type of psychological and social realise from the military system or his family. Therefore, there was no prior assessment before sending the soldier back home, and no assessment in understanding the problem itself (James Gilliland, 2013).The process of deployment when reintegrating a soldier back home becomes a major issue in mental wellness. According to Doyle Peterson (2005) soldiers that save been life threatening warzone when they are allowed to pitch home, and they are happy to return and see their families and friend, present problems difficulties in adjusting back to their community environment. This veteran soldier which arrived to his homet testify, and who was never received by his family members because the military department in charge failed to reveal his family and wife. Once he arrived to his hometown and faced the feeling of confusion and loneliness by not having family or military support. Even though, researchers such as, Demers (2011) acknowledge the struggles that these soldiers confront and expand symptoms of depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and even off suicidal thoughts when they are returning back home.Demer (2011) indicated that for a number of soldiers, the reintegration process becomes a challenge which might include a crisis of identicalness and feelings of alienation.Although, one of the first elements in contacting the soulfulness is the clients name and introducing themselves in a non-threatening manner. The soldier caught by surprise every single person at his children school. Subsequently, the immediate response was to search safety and manage to call the Police Department as well as, the mother of the children to provide enough tuition in order to first secure the children and, then attempting to make any type of contact with the soldier and making him think he had control everyplace the situation.Even if this was a momentary situation of the crisis. Once the safety of the children was ensured, as well as, the rest of the people there is a study to continue assessing the hypothesis of physical and psychological danger to the soldier as well as to others. Wherefore, the assessment and ensuring of safety becomes a continuous part of the process of the crisis intervention (James Gilliland, 2013). opus maintaining an open communication with the soldier in the process of crisis, support may be given allowing the soldier to ventilate his emotions, but also can be an instrumental and informational for the first responders (James Gilliland, 2013).Hoge, Lesikar, Guevara, Lange, Brundage, Engel, Orman, Messer (2002) explained that they consider that the risks factors of mental health problems, such as major depression, substance abuse, PSTD amon g others, may be presented after military conflicts, deployment stressors and exposing soldiers to combat, and, may put up an impairment in social functioning along with the ability to work therefore, increase the use of health care services. Demer (2011) also indicated that these additional stressors can have a negative effect when military deployment occur when soldiers returns home and are not follow-up properly. For most of these soldiers, additional stressors, become a major difficulties and even distressing experience instead of a welcomed relief.One of the consequences of this distressing experience is the intense identity crisis, when military discharge occurs (Demer, 2011). In analyzing this case, the soldier could have presented psychological challenges when he was deployed to warzone, and as an immigrant in a different culture (home and host culture), he could have presented an acculturative stress. This generated a negative impact and reaction in the soldier which lead him to an identity crisis and mental health problem (Berry, Kim, Minde Mok, 1987).Maslows theory of hierarchy of needs explains different levels of needs that humans portrays. In a crisis intervention one of the first things to assure is the physiological needs, such as water, food, among other. The person will only be focusing on his or her survival. Nevertheless, surety also becomes one of the most vital element when we are facing a crisis intervention. In this particular case, the soldier maintained his children and wife lifes threatened and also had the school personnel and coworkers of his wife. In fact, he killed several people in the process of his crisis. The soldier neglected taking care of his own security needs, referring to those things that the individual feels safe of harm. For example, belonging to the community as a member, therefore, protection is given just because the person belongs to this community group. Another vital need within this hierarchy, is the social needs as a human beings. This need encompasses companionship, love and affection. Once again, the soldier of this case, upon his arrival to his hometown confronted by the absentee of his wife and children and lack of support from the military system could not managed the transition of his deployment back home. This circumstances, detonated a crisis which lead to a fatal outcome for everyone. According to Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith (2010) when a person is open(a) to combat, and have constant threats of death or witness to it, serious injury or witness to it become significant risk factors for screening positive for postdeployment PTSD among soldiers as well as, violence exposures prior entering the infantry.Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman (2004) explained that soldiers and marines presented new onset PTSD after returning from combat several months later. These investigators explained that in their study a 7.6% was revealed with probable new onset PTSD. In the soldier case, he definitely was presenting new onset symptoms for PTSD because he felt confused, abandoned without support and no communication. There is a probability that he might have been impacted and presented symptoms of PTSD before being deployed to Vietnam, and returned traumatized with his experience in Vietnam.ReferencesBerry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. planetary Migration Review, (21) 491511.Demer, A. (2011). When veterans return The role of community in reintegration. Journal of Loss and Trauma, (16) 160-179.Doyle, M. E., Peterson, K. A. (2005). Re-entry and reintegration Returning home after combat. Psychiatric Quarterly, 76(4) 361-370.Hoge, C., W., Lesikar, S., E., Guevara, R., Lange, J., Brundage, J., F., Engel, C., C., Orman, D., T. Messer, S., C. (2002). Mental Disorders among US military personnel in the 1990s Association with high levels of Health care utilization and early military attrition. Ameri can Journal Psychiatry, 159 1576-1583.Hoge, C., W., Castro, C., A., Messer, S., C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I. Koffman, R., L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1) 13-22.James, R. Gilliland, B. (2013). Crisis Intervention Strategies. (7th Edition). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.Phillips, C. J., LeardMann, C. A., Gumbs, G. R., Smith, B. (2010). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among deployed US male marines. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1) 52.

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law Essay

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law EssayThe basal tenet of criminal command is that crime is not genetic, that is, one is not born a criminal. As no iron curtain is drawn surrounded by constitution and the acc utilize, an beneath trial or a convict, his basic human rights arousenot be put to jeopardy for an charge or a convict by the mere reason of accusation or conviction, is not denuded from his fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution1.The distinction between gender and sex is often handle by those who claim to be the sentinels of gender justice. While once in a while one hears voices against the injustice towards women, our justice system often turns a blind eye to the brutality with which all criminals atomic number 18 tough. It is true that the purpose of a punishment is deterrent and punitive in nature and the offender deserves a hard handed treatment as a retribution for his sourion, this cannot vindicate the acts which border brutality. P olice, which is the first instrument in the process of ensuring criminal justice, often fails to justify its actions of dishonoring gender high-handedness of recognise genders when they interact with them in the society and particularly when they investigate crimes in which they be the suspects, dtinues or the accused.2Men, women, trans inners, all fall in the grind of this insensitivity perpetrated in the hands of those in charge of safeguarding the fundamental rights of convicts and other participants( victim, witness etc) in a criminal trial.The fact however stiff that while substantive law fails to acknowledge the thin line of distinction between gender and sex and transsexuals and manlike criminals continue to be treated inconsiderately, our procedural laws, fur in that locationd by judicial activism do provide some sense of sensitivity towards women. Spurred by judicial pronouncements, Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter CrPC or the Act) has been amended clip to t ime to introduce elements of sensitivity towards women. This paper is an attempt to trace the gender-sensitive trainings of CrPC, supported by judicial pronouncements, restricting the scope of gender to women. The discussion runs in three parts part I dealing with nourishment when women are offenders, part II when they are victims of criminal offenses and part III when they are witnesses in a criminal trial. The last part will be followed by a conclusion with an analysis whether these laws provide adequate protection to women and whether the available turn are being implemented in reality or are merely a letter of law. The CrPC amendments of 2005 and 2008 have been taken as the backdrop of the discussions in this paper. As it is not feasible to cover all sections reflecting sensitivity towards women in the prescribed word-limit, the author has narrowed down the scope of discussion to the most fundamental provisions under each part. Part II and subsequently III discuss in detail the special provisions for women in offend types and other atrocities of women-trafficking, domestic violence and dowry finishs and sexual harassment at work have been excluded from the discussion.Part IAccusedArrestThe Indian criminal jurisprudence has been sensitive to the fact that women, being physically weaker, are often mistreated by natural law while begin and consequently, provisions pr eventideting any physical or sexual assault while arresting them find place in CrPC. naval division 46 of the code enlists the details of how arrests have to be made by the police3. Parliament, through the 2005 Amendment Act to CrPC introduced in section 46, sub clause 4 to ensure that women offenders are not mistreated while being arrested by the police officers. It readSave in exceptional passel, no char muliebrity shall be arrested after sunset and before sunrise and where such exceptional circumstances exist, the woman police officer shall, by fashioning a written report, obtain the prior permission of the Judicial Magistrate of the first class within whose local anesthetic jurisdiction the offense is committed or the arrest is to be made. The history of this provision can be traced back to the report submitted by the National adult male Rights Commission in 1997. The report examined the complaints of human rights violation through abuse of powers of arrest and detention given to the police. According to this report, the NHRC requested that all Indian landed estate governments translate these guidelines into their respective regional language and make them available to all Police Officers and in all Police Stations.4 The report includes the following guideline pertaining to the arrest of women, As far as is practicable women police officers should be associated where the person or persons being arrested are women. The arrest of women between sunset and sunrise should be avoided5. The incorporation of this provision in CRPC was spurred by the quality law produced by the Courts in response to the demand for protecting women. In Christian Community tumefy-being Council of India and another v Government of Maharashtra another6,the High Court of Bombay made it mandatory for the presence of a woman officer for arresting a woman. The dictatorial Court however reversed the judgment7, accounting for the situations when arresting a woman is crucial but logistical impediments make the presence of a woman officer difficult. The 2005 amendment act was a closer embodiment of the domineering Court decision as it gave the police some leeway to arrest egg-producing(prenominal)s even in absence of lady officers.2008 Amendment to CrPC saw win sensitizing of arrest procedures with regards to women when a proviso to clause 1 of section 46 was added to ensure that the clause 1 is not misused to offend women who are arrested. As interpreted by Courts, un-amended section 46(1) implied that arrest being a securet of the liberty of a person, it can be effected by actually contacting or touching the body of such person or by his submission to the custody of the person do the arrest as a mere oral declaration to arrest without actual contact or submission does not amount to arrest.8The proviso states that Provided that where a woman is to be arrested, unless the circumstances indicate to the contrary, her submission to custody on an oral intimation of arrest shall be presumed and, unless the circumstances otherwise require or unless the police officer is a female, the police officer shall not touch the person of the woman for making her arrest. The proviso permits the physical arrest of a woman by a female officer or unless the circumstances make it an indispensible necessity for the police office to make use of physical force to restrain and arrest her. Even then, the use of force should be reasonable and not more than required to prevent the offenders escape.9searchSection 4710places restrictions on police while searching for the offender in a place occupied by a pardanasheen woman, in which case she will be adequately notified by the police before search giving her time to remove herself from the sight before the police commences with the search.Clause 311of section 51 as well as clause 312of section 100 makes it mandatory that the search of a female is conducted lonesome(prenominal) by a lady to ensure that her self-regard is not violated in any form.13Section 53(2)14and 5415, that allows for the medical examination of the accused make it mandatory for the police to ensure that female arrestees are examined only by registered female doctor or under her close supervision.bailCrPC empowers e truly arrestee with the right to be ejectd on bail when arrested for a bailable offence. It is the duty of the police officer to inform him of his right to be released on bail16. Women however are given the privilege of a bail even in circumstances When a female is arrested for a non-bailable offence, even if the offence is very serious (punishable by death penalty even), the flirt can release her on bail as provided in section 437(1) of CrPC17. For instance where a young woman of two infant children was accused of murder along with her conserve and her husband was incarcerated for the crime as an under trial, the accused in such facts and circumstances of case would be entitled to be released on bail as per the provisions of this section18. This provision is not to be taken violative of name 14 of the Constitution as it discriminated between male and female offenders because article 14 had to be read subject to article 15(3) of the Constitution under which the State Is empowered to make special provisions for women and children.DetentionEven though CrPC is silent on the issue of separate provisions for detention of women offenders, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse case19held that female suspects moldiness be kept in a separate lock-up in the police station. They should not be kept where mal e suspects are detained. Various states have, by orders made it mandatory that all female prisoners have to be imprisoned in a separate building or in separate part of the same building which is completely separate from the male prisoners.20In R.D. Upadhyay vs. State of AP.21, gender specific issues of women have been dealt with by the Supreme Court in detail and minimum standards laid for the care of the niggle and the child. In pursuance of this, women inmates are allowed to keep their children up to six years of age. Pregnant women in prisons have to be given proper pre-natal and post-natal care22.Section 41623provides the provision of postponement of capital sentence awarded to a women if she is carrying a child. The High Court is also empowered by this section to commute the sentence of death penalty to that of life imprisonment. The purpose behind this provision is to ensure that the unborn child is not penalized for the crimes committed by the mother.Part IIVictimcompound la w treated women as chattels fragments of property of their male messiahs. It took two centuries to liberate the country, and another half to liberate the thoughts. In 1970, India witnessed a rape trial that mocked the very fundamentals of our constitution equality and justice were stifled as Supreme Court refused to penalize a police personal charged of raping a tribal minor girlfriend, in police custody, on grounds of the girls questionable sexual conduct in past. This was the infamous Mathura rape trial24.Efforts of women activists and judicial intervening ultimately paid off and the last decade saw attempts to ensure there werent any Mathuras with the promulgation of the 1983 amendment. In 1983, the government passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, which created a refuter presumption in cases related to custodial rape25. Custodial rape, gang rape, rape of pregnant women and minor women were recognized as rape offenses by universe of sections 376A to 376D in the IPC. The gover nment also made amendments stipulating that the penalty for custodial rape should not be less than seven years imprisonment and it provided for in tv camera proceedings26and made the disclosure of the victims identity a punishable offence.27Publication of proceedings in a rape trial could be possible only with prior permission of the Court. This clause however was amended by the 2008 amendment to facilitate the dissemination of information regarding the atrocities on women and their rights through media. Therefore, the 2008 amendment allows the publication of proceedings in a rape trial provided confidentiality of name and address of the parties is maintained28.Women rights activist claim that despite the 1983 amendment which did bring some procedural improvement in the state of women in rape trials, not much was reflected in reality. These amendments were not enough to stem the rise in the number of cases of sexual violence against women29. One crucial smirch in the law was the de finition of rape under Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which took into account only penile-vaginal penetration. Other physical and mental injuries were go forth to be dealt with under Sections 354 and 509 of the IPC as outraging the modesty of a woman.30In 1996, the substantive redundancy of these laws was exposed in the Gurmeet Singh case31where the trial court acquitted the rapists atheistical the version of the prosecutrix( despite section 114A of Evidence Act that allows the assumption of truth in the statement of the victim in rape trials and placing of the burden of proof on the accused) and delay in lodging the FIR, . The Supreme Court, however was emphatic to the cause and laid down certain guidelines to be followed in case of rape trials32 cargo area in lodging FIR is not material if properly explained.Testimony of the prosecutrix in cases of sexual harassment in cases of sexual assault is vital and unless there are compelling reasons which necessitate looking for corroboration of her statement, the Court should find no difficulty in convicting the ccused on prosecutrix testimony alone.Trial of sexual offences should be in camera and invariably by a lady judge wherever available.Court must restrain making observations that probably the prosecutrix is a girl of loose moral character.Court is under an obligation to see that prosecutrix is not unnecessarily harassed and humiliated in cross examination in case of rape trial.In the case of Dildar Singh v. State of Punjab33, it has been held by Honble Apex Court that delay in lodging of the first information report cannot be used as ritualistic formula for doubting the prosecution case and discarding the same on the ground of delay in lodging the first information report. near of these guidelines were translated into law by subsequent amendments to Indian Criminal Law. Later, vide the 2003 amendment to Indian Evidence Act, a proviso was added to section 146 which allowed for cross examination. It made it impermissible to question the prosecutrix in a rape trial regarding her past sexual conduct and history.34With the 2005 amendment to CrPC, section 53A35was added to incorporate provisions for medical examination of the rape accused to provide evidence. As for the examination of the rape victim, she cannot be medically examined without her consent, as stated in 164A36of CrPC. In case she is unable to express her consent, a person competent to consent on her behalf will do so. Also, the medical examination of both the accused and the victim has to be conducted within 24 hours of receiving the information of the offense.Notified on 31 celestial latitude 2009 was the latest amendment in CrPC in an attempt to sensitize the criminal laws towards protection of women further. Many provisions were introduced to minimize the harassment faced by victims during the process of investigation and trial in a rape case.The amendment act introduces a proviso in section 15737stating that the statement of the victim in a rape case has to be recorded , as far as feasible, by a lady officer, in a place she feels comfortable in preferably her home plate and in presence of her parents, guardians, near relatives or a social worker. This was primarily done to avoid the humiliation the victim has to suffer in revisiting the details of the flagitious incident in front of police men and others in a police station. Besides this, the act allowed audio-video electronic nub to record statement under 161 and 164 of CrPC to facilitate victims who are not in the physical or psychological state to be present in person before the magistrate for a statement. The amendment act adds to section 327, the provision of a lady judge trying a rape case as far as possible so as to bring a compassionate thought to the proceedings.One of the major contributions of the 2008 amendment act is the introduction of section 357 A38in CrPC providing for the provision for compensation to victims for in juries suffered. Though this provision is not women-specific, it can prove to be a major instrument for justice by providing the rape victims adequate compensation for the physical and emotional deformation they were subjected to. Compensation for rape was recognized by the Supreme Court for the first time in the Chandrima Das case39where the court held that the relief can be granted to the victim for two reasons- firstly, on the ground of domestic jurisprudence based on the Constitutional provisions( as her fundamental right to life and dignity is violated in a crime of this heinous a nature) and secondly, on the ground of humankind Rights Jurisprudence based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 which has international recognition as the Moral Code of Conduct- adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Activists hope that 357A will not merely be a procedural puppet in the hands of the state government and be actually utilized in facilitating some compens ations to the unfortunate victims of rape and sexual violence. The amendment also has provision of right to appeal for victims. Currently, the right to appeal lies with the state which directly fights the case with the accused. Under the proposed change, the victim can independently hire a lawyer and go in for an appeal in addition to what the state does40.Part IIIWitnessPolice is authorized by section one hundred sixty41of CrPC to summon a witness during investigation in case. This power however is limited by the proviso to sub-section 1 that restricts the police from summoning a male below fifteen years of age or a woman other than the place of his or her residence. A woman accused or a witness should not be summoned or required to attend at any police station under section 160 but they must be enquired only by women police or in presence of woman police at the place where they reside.42It was considered by the Supreme Court , in the Nandani Satpathy43case, to be a matter of publ ic policy to keep minor children and women away from police company except as much as possible till the time community confidence and consciousness will regard the police force as entitled to better trust and soften the stigmatizing provisions now writ across the code.44In the landmark case of Sakshi v Union of India45, the Supreme Court realized and acknowledged the pain and trauma a woman goes through when she is asked to reiterate the soul-scathing instance of rape and prescribed guidelines for treatment of victims and witnesses in a rape trial. The court accounted for the fact that the mere sight of the accused may induce an element of extreme fear in the mind of the victim or the witnesses and can put them in a state of shock, making it difficult to give a true testimony46. Therefore, a screen or some such arrangement can be made where the victim or witness do not have to undergo the trauma of seeing the body or face of the accused.In State of Maharashtra and P.C.Singh v Dr. Pr aful Desai47, the Supreme Court explicitly recognized video conferencing as a means of recording evidence in a rape trial to facilitate the victim-witness to assist questions without fear or embarrassment.The latest amendment to CrPC seems to be a manifestation of this guideline by the Court as it adds to section 27548, a proviso allowing audio-video electronic means to witness in presence of advocate of the accused so as to facilitate their testimony if they feel uncomfortable facing the accused and others in the court room.ConclusionThough amendments over the last two decades have introduced some element of sensitivity in our criminal laws, skeptics have their reservations regarding the same. The way women have been treated in criminal justice system in the past makes it difficult to place faith in it. For instance, the 2008 amendment act introducing the provision of women judges hearing rape cases is being frowned upon by some women rights activists and is being seen as a means of ghettoizing49female judges, confining them only to women related matters. There seems some legitimacy in this accusation as if providing male judges was the problem to be solved, why is one ignoring the male defense lawyers projecting scathing questions to the victim. Moreover, since there are lesser number of female judges in the country, waiting for the appointment of one in a rape trial will delay the justice further by weeks.Despite the gender-sensitive provisions like women officers arresting female offender, the system fails to account for practical impediments like the skewed ratio of male and female officers50.A gender-sensitive, rather than a gender-biased system seems a more wholesome solution to the approach as law as without the backing and support of law-enforcement authorities, the laws made are hollow words, which go unnoticed. Gender sensitivity, not gender, is the watchword, for patriarchy is endemic to the system, not a trait of males alone51.Thus, what is neede d today is not merely simulate sensitivity in procedural law, rather its reflection in reality to ensure that no woman is wronged in the hands of those claiming to dispense justice.